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Culture Change and the Modern World Making the Modern World • As world population grows and travel and communication get faster, • You can find can of soda, radio, CD player anywhere • But economic inequality, difference in quality of life and life expectancy increase Making the Modern World • How do history and culture contribute to differences in quality of life? European Expansion • In 1400 – Muslim nations from Spain to Indonesia preserved scholarship of regions and developed astronomy, math, medicine, chemistry, zoology – China’s central government managed large area and vast trade – European cities smaller and ruled by small local governments European Expansion • In 1500-1700’s – Missionaries spread Christianity – Search for fortune and wonders, fountain of youth – Technological development and growing population drive quest for resources European Expansion • In 1500-1700’s – While traveling to world to introduce Christianity and claim resources, Europeans introduce diseases that kill up to 95% population of the New World European Expansion • Pillage – gold and silver sent to Europe – Pizarro captured Inca emperor, Atahuallpa got $91 million in gold and silver ransom • Forced Labor – population drain impoverished Africa, plantations to grow sugar and cotton – 11.7 million slaves from Africa to Americas • Joint Stock Companies – Dutch East India Co. – Trade monopolies, massacres, huge profit at expense of locals Colonialism • Active possession of foreign territory – Strategic locations like Yemen – Exploit native people and resources, Africa – Settlement by growing European population Colonialism • Industrialization in Europe and America – Production of weapons – Need for resources • To get profit out of colony, impose taxes – Native subjects charged taxes – Forcing them to work for colonists or produce products the colonists wanted Independence and Poverty • Most nation in the Americas gained independence in 18th and 19th centuries • African and Asian nations gain independence mostly after WWII • Expensive to suppress rebellion • In 2001 1/5 world’s population, more than a billion people, live on less than $1/day half the world’s population on $2/day Independence and Poverty • End of colonialism not end of forced cultural change and foreign intervention Independence and Poverty • Development – Expectation that success will come from developing industrialized market economy – Soviet Union and US provide aid money – Development projects introduced often without regard for traditional practices Independence and Poverty • Multinational Corporations – Large wealthy corporations influence small, local economy – Profits made by manufacture and sales in poor nations go to shareholders in wealthy nations Independence and Poverty • Urbanization – 1970 – 1997 city dwellers in high income countries increased 5% in low income 47% – People move to cities in search of work – Separation from family changes culture Independence and Poverty • Population Pressure – Any economic gains lead to population growth until subsistence pattern can’t support the population – Search for more land causes conflict – Population is a problem, consumption also problem Independence and Poverty • Instability – Past 100 years very violent • WWI, WWII, Cold War proxy (Ethiopia, Somalia, Nicaragua, El Salvador), Rwanda – Anthropologists can’t cause or prevent violence, only record and document political instability Looking to the Future • World is very interconnected • Anthropology is important in a world where we encounter different cultures • Culture is flexible, changeable, varied • Therefore we are not locked into any bad situation, we can create new norms