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Anthropology and the Study of Culture (Miller Chapter 1) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 The BIG Questions What is anthropology? What are the goals of anthropology? What are the fields of anthropology? What are some key aspects of anthropology? How is anthropology relevant to a career in the “real world”? How can anthropology be applied? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is Anthropology? What do you know about anthropology? What do you think of when someone mentions anthropology? How did you acquire these impressions? What do you think anthropology is? ?? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is Anthropology? Anthropology is… The study of humanity, including our prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity (p. 4) The study of humankind in all times and all places Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Goals of Anthropology What do you think are the main goals of anthropology? Why is anthropology important? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Goals of Anthropology Discover what makes people different from one another Discover what all people have in common Produce new knowledge and new theories about humankind and human behavior Apply this knowledge Look at our own culture more objectively, like an outsider Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 The Fields of Anthropology What are the fields of anthropology? (hint: there are four of them!) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 The Fields of Anthropology Cultural anthropology (or social anthropology) Linguistic anthropology Archaeology (or prehistory) Biological (or physical) anthropology Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Biological Anthropology (Paleoanthropology) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Biological Anthropology (Primatology) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Biological Anthropology (Contemporary Human Variation and Adaptation) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Biological Anthropology (Molecular/Genetic Anthropology) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Biological Anthropology (Forensic Anthropology) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Archaeology (Old World Archaeology) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Archaeology (New World Archaeology) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Archaeology (Underwater Archaeology) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Archaeology (Historical Archaeology) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Linguistic Anthropology Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Cultural Anthropology Study of living people and their cultures, including variation and change (p. 4 & 6 – 7) Cultural anthropologists study economics, politics, psychology, medicine, international development, art, religion, migration, marriage, family…and MORE Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Research Approaches in the Anthropology Four Fields Empirical is a social science Humanistic Scientific Fieldwork Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Some Key Aspects of Anthropology Holistic Interconnectedness Cross-cultural, comparative Ethnology Takes a long-term perspective Relies on extensive fieldwork Ethnographic research / participant observation May result in an ethnography Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Ethnography and Ethnology Summary ETHNOGRAPHY – means “culture writing” – provides a first-hand, detailed description of a living culture – based on first-hand fieldwork and research of one culture ETHNOLOGY – the study of one topic in more than one culture • marriage forms, economic practices, religion, etc. – comparative and cross-cultural – uses ethnographic material collected by a number of researchers Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Some Key Aspects of Anthropology Focus on cultural relativism rather than ethnocentrism versus Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Absolute vs. Critical Cultural Relativism Star Trek Prime Directive Prime Directive Debate - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mHL6UCCAE Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Absolute vs. Critical Cultural Relativism Star Trek Prime Directive Debate Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Applied Anthropology Anthropology put to use Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Applied Biological Anthropology Forensic anthropology Primatology Ergonomics and design Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Applied Archaeology Cultural Resource Management (CRM) Museums Historic preservation Environmental management Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Applied Linguistic Anthropology Preserving and documenting indigenous languages Looking at the role of information technology in communication Bilingual education Forensic linguistics Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Applied Cultural Anthropology Applied cultural anthropologists work in… Education Health care Business Conflict prevention and resolution Advocacy and activism Poverty reduction Community development International development Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #1 Anthropology is traditionally composed of _______ subfields. A. B. C. D. One Two Three Four Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #2 Anthropology is both a science and a humanity. A. True B. False Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #3 Anthropologists doing fieldwork typically try to investigate how the various aspects of culture relate to each other, i.e., political systems, economics and religious beliefs. This approach is: __________ A. B. C. D. Holistic Archaeological Sociocultural Ethnological Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #4 Which of the following does NOT characterize the anthropological approach to the study of human societies and their cultural traditions? A. B. C. D. Culturally relativistic Holistic Ethnocentric Comparative Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #5 A museum exhibit of an early one-room school in the Midwestern U.S. is being planned. Which subfield(s) of anthropology would be likely to carry out the research and interpretation of surveyor's maps, diaries, textbooks, journals, and other historic artifacts, as well as excavation of the original site? A. B. C. D. paleontologist and archaeologist archaeologist and a biological anthropologist cultural anthropologist and archaeologist forensic anthropologist and cultural anthropologist Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #6 ________ is a central component of anthropology that recognizes that cultural traits are best understood when viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part. A. B. C. D. ethnocentrism cultural relativism ethnography ethnology Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #7 Which of the following is not a subfield of anthropology? A. B. C. D. cognitive linguistic biological cultural Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #8 A written account of how a single human population lives is called a(n) __________. A. B. C. D. ethnology ethnography ethnocentrism holism Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #9 Anthropologists gain new perspectives on their own culture by studying other cultures. A. true B. false Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #10 The study of contemporary societies and cultures is called: __________. A. B. C. D. anthropology cultural anthropology ethnology cultural relativism Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #11 Cultural relativism means that no culture is inherently __________ any other. A. B. C. D. equal to different from superior or inferior to the same as Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #12 ___________ is the comparative study of one topic in more than one culture. A. B. C. D. ethnocentrism ethnography ethnology empirical Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #13 ___________ says that whatever goes on in a particular culture must not be questioned or changed because it would be ethnocentric to question any behavior or idea anywhere. A. B. C. D. Absolute cultural relativism Holism Ethnography Critical cultural relativsm Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #14 Physical anthropologists primarily study all of the below EXCEPT _________. A. B. C. D. primatology prehistoric archaeology human variation paleoanthropology Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #15 Goals of anthropology include all of the below EXCEPT _________. A. comparing diverse cultures to one another to determine if there are any common influences that operate in all cultures B. trying to westernize other cultures in order to improve the lives of the people in these cultures C. trying to understand how various aspects of human life relate to one another D. making the public aware of and respectful toward the cultural differences that exist within humanity Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #16 Applied anthropology uses the skills of ________in application to solve practical human problems and issues. A. B. C. D. cultural anthropologists only archaeologists and physical anthropologists cultural anthropologists and archaeologists making the public aware of and respectful toward the cultural differences that exist within humanity E. all anthropologists Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Important to Remember… All humans have culture! Anthropologically speaking, all humans throughout the world are all “cultured” Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Earliest Definition of Culture Edward Tylor – 1871 Culture “is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 More Recent Definition of Culture United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) – 2002 Culture is the "set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs". Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 A Couple Simple Definitions of Culture Culture is learned and shared ways of behaving & thinking (p. 6) Culture is the way of life for a society Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Material and Nonmaterial Aspects of Culture Culture consists of what humans have constructed, both material and nonmaterial Material culture – tangible/physical aspects of culture Nonmaterial culture – intangible/nonphysical aspects of culture Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Material Culture Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Nonmaterial Culture Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Characteristics of Culture Culture is learned Therefore, culture is not the same as nature Culture is symbolic / based on symbols Culture is integrated Culture is shared Cultures are dynamic and change Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Culture is learned All culture is learned rather than biologically inherited Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Culture is based on symbols Culture is based on symbols Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Culture is based on symbols Culture is based on symbols What are symbols? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is this? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is this? A dog Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is this? Are you sure? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is this? Is it a perro? It is in the Spanish language! Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is this? Is it a hund? It is in the German language! Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is this? What does this symbolize? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is this? What does this symbolize? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is this? What does this symbolize? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is this? What does this symbolize? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What is this? What does this symbolize? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 If you are hungry… Are rats jumping in your stomach? In Hindi (a language of India) Or are you so hungry you can eat a horse? In English Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Culture is Based on Symbols Which are Mainly Arbitrary In India, widows wear white clothing to mark their status What do widows usually wear in the U.S.? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Culture is Integrated Culture is holistic Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Culture is Shared Culture is shared among a group of people Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Cultures are Dynamic and Change Internal Forces Culture External Forces Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Adaptive or Maladaptive? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Cultural Universals A cultural universal is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures on the planet Can you think of any cultural universals? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Ideal Culture versus Real Culture Ideal culture is what a society claims as their culture Real culture is the actual culture the society has Can you think of any examples in your culture of ideal culture versus real culture? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Culture versus Society Culture and society are not the same thing Culture is learned and shared ways of behaving & thinking Society is a group of interacting organisms In human societies, culture and society are inextricably connected Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Subcultures/Microcultures A subculture/microculture is culture within a larger culture A subculture/microculture shares cultural aspects with the larger culture of which it is a part Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Microcultures A individual may be a member of several microcultures Class Indigeneity “Race” and Ethnicity Institutions Gender Age (hospitals, universities, prisons) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Microculture: Poverty and Social Class Worldwide, rates of poverty have not declined in recent times Disparities between the wealthy and the poor have increased – they share very different subcultures Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What are some of the functions of culture? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What are some of the functions of culture? Culture provides the knowledge and skills to be able to effectively provide for the basic needs of a society Culture facilitates social interactions Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 What are some of the functions of culture? Culture provides for the psychological and emotional needs of its members Ideally, culture functions to satisfy the physical, social, and psychological needs and expectations of the people in that society Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Three Major Theoretical Debates in Cultural Anthropology Is human behavior the result of biology or culture? Is human behavior the result of people’s thoughts or the material aspects of their lives? Is human behavior the result of free will or larger forces beyond our control? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Is human behavior the result of biology or culture? Biological Determinists Human behavior is biologically based Cultural Constructionists Human behavior is culturally based Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Is human behavior the result of people’s thoughts or the material aspects of their lives? Interpretive Anthropologists (Interpretivists) Human behavior/culture can be understood by studying what is in people’s minds and thoughts – what people think about, their explanations of their lives, and the symbols that are important to them Cultural Materialists Human behavior/culture can be understood by studying people’s material aspects of life – the natural environment and how people make a living within particular environments Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Cultural materialist view of the world… Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Is human behavior the result of free will or larger forces beyond our control? Individual Agency Emphasize that human behavior and thoughts are largely based on individuals’ free will, or agency Structurism Argue that individual free will is an illusion and that human behavior and thoughts are conditioned, or structured, by larger forces such as the economy, social and political organization, and ideological systems Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #1 An object, word, or action with a culturally defined meaning is a(n) ____________. A. B. C. D. enculturation symbol culture interpretivist Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #2 Learned and shared ways of behaving and thinking is ____________. A. B. C. D. adaptation hybridization culture materialization Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #3 Verbal language is an example of ____________. A. B. C. D. material culture biological determinism a symbol ideal culture Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #4 Those anthropologists who argue against those who believe that human behavior is largely biologically based are called ____________. A. B. C. D. E. interpretivists cultural materialists biological determinists structurists cultural constructionists Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #5 Those anthropologists who argue against those who believe that human behavior is largely based on free will, or agency, are called ____________. A. B. C. D. E. interpretivists cultural materialists biological determinists structurists cultural constructionists Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #6 Those anthropologists who argue against those who believe that human behavior is largely based on human thoughts are called ____________. A. B. C. D. E. interpretivists cultural materialists biological determinists structurists cultural constructionists Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #7 The Nacerima article illustrates ____________. A. how Americans do not have culture B. how those of other cultures or a foreign anthropologist might view American culture C. how we can learn some deeper insights into our own culture by looking at it more objectively and less ethnocentrically D. answers B & C Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #8 Art is an example of a(n) ____________. A. B. C. D. cultural universal nonmaterial culture high culture subculture/microculture Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #9 A college classroom may be its own __________. A. B. C. D. cultural universal agency high culture subculture/microculture Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #10 Humans would be able to sustain culture without a society. A. True B. False Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #11 Schools of fish have cultures. A. True B. False Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #12 Ideally, culture functions to __________. A. provide for the basic needs of a society B. facilitate social interactions C. provide for the psychological and emotional needs of its members D. all of the above Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #13 A someone driving in a car going through a red light is an example of __________. A. B. C. D. ideal culture real culture structurism a cultural universal Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Question #14 Biological adaptation is more important to human survival than cultural adaptation. A. True B. False Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Nacerima What are your impressions of this article? If the book and I had not told you this article was about American culture, do you think you would have recognized this as American culture? Why or why not? How does it feel to you to look at American culture more “objectively,” as an outside observer? Do you think this article is an accurate reflection of American culture? Why or why not? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008