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Types of interaction In ecosystems Interspecific Interactions • Competition • Predation • Herbivory (herbivores eating plants or algae) • Symbiosis Competition • Interspecific – between species • Competitive Exclusion – local extinction of a population due to direct competition for resources with another species – Example – Barnacles Competition • Resource partitioning – differentiation in niches that allows similar species to coexist in a community – Examples • Warbler species (p. 76 in text) – all feed in different parts of pine tree • Different species of lizards have different feeding habitats in the same area Predation • Predator – kills and eats another • Prey – the hunted (eaten by the predator) • They both make adaptations to eat and avoid being eaten through natural selection Adaptations of Predators • • • • • • • Acute sense of smell Claws Teeth Fangs Stingers Poison Predators are usually fast or are camouflaged Defenses against predation (adaptations of prey) • • • • Camouflage Mechanical defenses Chemical Defenses Mimicry – Batesian – a harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model – Mullerian – two unpalatabel species that inhabit the same community mimic each other. Camouflage • Grey tree frog and moth Mechanical Defenses • Porcupine’s sharp quills Chemical Defenses • Poison Arrow frog Mimicry • http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexe10b.htm# mimicry • Batesian – example a snake and a hawkmoth larva • Mullerian mimicry – example – cuckoo bee and a yellow jacket • Look up your own adaptations – Bring it in for class tomorrow!! Keystone Species/Predator • A species that exerts strong control on community structure because of its ecological role or niche • Thus, they reduce the number of the strongest competitors in the community, preventing competitive exclusion of weaker competitors • Examples – Sea Star – Sea otter Generalized vs. Specialized Species • Generalized species – eats a variety of food • Specialized species – eats one or two species only • What is the advantage to a keystone predator of being specialized to feed mainly on those prey species that are otherwise the most successful amount potential prey species? Answer • The most competitive prey species probably represent the most abundant and dependable food source for the predator Herbivory (herbivores eating plants or algae) • Plant adaptations to avoid being eaten: – Chemical toxins • Morphine, nicotine, mescaline, tannins, cinnamon, cloves, mint – Spines or thorns Symbiosis • Symbiotic Relationship is one between two or more species that live together in direct contact. • Three Types – Parasitism – Commensalism – Mutualism Parasitism • A parasite lives on or inside host and obtains nourishment from the host • One partner benefits while the other is harmed. • Examples: tapeworms, ticks, pathogens (microscopic parasites) Commensalism • One partner benefits without harming the other • Examples: algae on sea turtles, barnacles on whales, and birds that feed on insects flushed out by grazing cattle Mutualism • Benefits both partners in the relationship • Examples: – Acacia Tree and ants