Download WHAT IS BIOENGINEERING?

WHAT IS
BIOENGINEERING?
Bioengineering is Diverse!
Each bioengineer only knows a tiny
fraction of the entire field
What is Bioengineering?
Any Area of Biology
Mixed with
Any Area of Engineering
In
Any Proportion
Biologists
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Want to understand organisms and living
systems
Discover underlying mechanisms that
govern how organisms work
The knowledge is then used to develop or
improve medical, industrial or agricultural
processes.
Comfortable with uncertainty
Engineers
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See a problem and want to come up with
a practical solution
Apply mathematics and scientific
knowledge
Want precision and reproducibility
Consider technical and economic
constraints
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Bioengineering applies engineering methods and
techniques to problems in biology and medicine.
Biology
Tissue Engineering
Neural Implants
DNA Expression Arrays
Medicine
Engineering
Pumps
Pacemakers
Prosthetics
Biomechanics and Rehabilitation
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Artificial limbs
Replacement joints
Cochlear implants
Pacemakers for
heartbeat regulation
Cochlear Prostheses
http://www.cochlearimplant.com/
All imaging and diagnostic
techniques
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Help with medical diagnosis
Assist in research for better cures
EKG machines
MRI
Ultrasound imaging
MRI and Functional MRI
UIUC MRI researchers
Profs. Sutton (BioE), Liang (ECE)
Ultrasound Imaging
and Bioeffects
UIUC Ultrasonics Led by Profs. Insana, O’Brien, Oelze, & Frizzell
GE Medical Systems
http://www.gemedicalsystems.com/rad/us/4d/thennow.html
High resolution ultrasonic imaging of
liver with a microprobe
http://www.brl.uiuc.edu
What kind of scientists are
involved with Magnetic Resonance
Imaging?
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Electrical Engineers: electromagnetics
Computer Engineers/Scientists: computation
Physiologists: biological function
Chemists: new imaging agents
Psychologists: mental function
Physicians: medical implications
Cell and Tissue
Engineering
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Cell and Tissue Engineering allows us to repair or
replace the function of natural tissue with
bioengineered substitutes.
Principles of engineering, chemistry, and biology
are combined to create tissue substitutes from
living cells and synthetic materials.
Tissue Engineered Skin
New Companies: Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc.
Organogenesis
The Potential Promise of Tissue
Engineering
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To repair or replace damaged organs
Origins in the late 1980s
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Rapid advances in stem cell biology
The tissue engineer needs to
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manipulate,
produce, and
deliver
collections of cells as building blocks of tissues
A Wide Spectrum of Knowledge is
Required for Tissue Engineering
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Basic biological sciences
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Cell biology and histology
Physiology
Embryology
Wound healing
Clinical aspects
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Surgery and
transplantation
Immunology
Pathology
radiology
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Biotechnologies
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Cell culture
Cell separation
Gene transfer
Engineering
fundamentals
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Fluid dynamics
Transport phenomena
Materials science
Mechanics
Chemical kinetics
Participants in Tissue
Engineering
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Bioengineers
Materials scientists
Cell and molecular biologists
Immunologists
Policy makers and ethicists
Chemical engineers
Surgeons
Neural Engineering
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Neural Engineers use modeling and analysis to
understand and control the nervous system.
Advances in neuroscience and microfabrication
have opened the doors to exciting applications in
neuroprosthetics, biosensors and hybrid
biocomputers.
Fluorescent Stained Myocyte
Microfabrication Surface
Designing Networks of Neurons in a
Petri Dish
Input
Output
Ideal Neuronal Networks
Real Networks of Nerve Cells in Culture on Patterned Substrates
Prof. Wheeler, UIUC; Prof. Brewer, SIU Med School, Springfield
Biomimetics
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Mimicking biological systems to create
new technologies
Understanding Molecular Structure
by Applying Engineering Principles
Modeling Channels Through
Cell Membranes and
Protein / Surface
Interactions
Biomolecular Modeling
Computer Image of a DNA Binding Protein
Bioinformatics and
Genomics
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Bioinformatics = computer science + biomedicine
Discover genetic basis for disease (cancer, diabetes)
Develop new diagnostic devices (cDNA chip)
cDNA Array
Genetic Engineering
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Animals
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Plants-GMOs
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To produce a high-value therapeutic protein
Pharm animals
Improve plant yields
Grow plants with higher nutrient value
Plants with vaccines incorporated
Pharmaceutical products
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Manipulate cells genetically
Produce large quantities of vaccine, insulin, other
useful proteins for medicine
Bioengineers make use of all of
these fields
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Biology
Medicine
Materials Science
Electrical Engineering
Computer Science
Computer Engineering
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Physics
Chemical Engineering
Mechanical
Engineering
Nuclear Engineering
Civil Engineering
Agricultural
Engineering
How is Biotechnology different
from Bioengineering?
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Biotechnology: the branch of molecular
biology that studies the use of
microorganisms to perform specific
industrial processes
Biotechnology is involved in research such
as the study of stem cell genetics,
biological factors, receptors on the stem
cells and stem cell physiology etc.
History of Biotechnology
Biotechnology in B.C.
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500 BC: The Chinese use moldy curds
as an antibiotic to treat boils
250 BC: The Greeks practice crop
rotation to increase soil fertility
100 BC: Chinese use powdered
chrysanthemum as an insecticide
Pre-20th Century Biotechnology
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1590: Janssen invents the microscope
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1663: Hooke discovers cells
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1675: Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria and
protozoa
1797: Jenner inoculates a child with a viral
vaccine to protect him from smallpox
1802: 1st time the term “biology” is used
Pre-20th Century Biotechnology
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1830: Proteins, the building blocks of cells, are
discovered
1833: The nucleus of the cell is discovered
1855: The E. coli bacterium is discovered
1855: Pasteur works with yeast, eventually
proving they are living organisms
1863: Mendel discovers genes while working
with peas. He lays the groundwork for genetics.
Pre-20th Century Biotechnology
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1879: Flemming discovers chromatins
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1883: The rabies vaccine is developed
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1888: Waldyer discovers the chromosome
Biotechnology In The First Part Of
The 20th Century
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1902: The term "immunology" first used
1906: The term "genetics" is used
1915: Bacterial viruses, called phages, are
discovered
1919: The word "biotechnology" is first used
1927: Muller discovers that X-rays cause
mutation
1928: Fleming discovers penicillin
1938: The term "molecular biology" is used
1941: The term "genetic engineering" is first
used
Biotechnology In The First Part Of
The 20th Century
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1942: The electron microscope is used and
characterizes viruses that infect bacteria, called
bacteriaphages
1944: DNA is shown to be the building block of
the gene
1949: Pauling proves that sickle cell anemia is a
"molecular disease" caused by a mutation
Biotechnology in the
1950s and 1960s
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1953: Watson and Crick understand the
structure of DNA
1954: Cell-culturing techniques are first used
1955: An enzyme involved in the production
of a nucleic acid is isolated
1956: The fermentation process is perfected
1960: Messenger RNA is discovered
1961: The genetic code is understood
Biotechnology in the 1970s
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1972: The DNA composition of humans is
shown to be 99% similar to that of chimps
and gorillas
1977: Genetically-engineered bacteria are
used to make human growth protein
1978: North Carolina scientists, Hutchinson
and Edgell, prove it is possible to introduce
specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA
molecule
1979: The first monoclonal antibodies are
synthesized
Biotechnology in the 1980s
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1980: The U.S. Supreme Court approves the patenting
of genetically-engineered life forms
1980: The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to
Boyer and Cohen.
1981: The North Carolina Biotechnology Center is
created—the 1st state-sponsored research center for
biotechnology
1981: The first genetically-engineered plant is reported
1981: 1st mice to be successfully cloned
1982: Humulin, human insulin drug, produced by
genetically-engineered bacteria (first biotech drug
approved by the FDA)
Biotechnology in the 1980s
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1983: The first artificial chromosome is made
1983: The first genetic markers for specific inherited
diseases are found
1984: The DNA fingerprinting technique is developed.
1984: The first genetically-engineered vaccine is
developed.
1986: The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for the
treatment of cancer are synthesized
1988: Congress funds the Human Genome Project
1989: Microorganisms are used to clean up the Exxon
Valdez oil spill
Biotechnology in the 1990s
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1990: The first federally-approved gene therapy
treatment is performed successfully
1992: The structure of HIV RT is elucidated
1993:The FDA declares that genetically
engineered foods are "not inherently dangerous"
1994: The first breast cancer gene is discovered
1996: Scientists clone identical lambs from
early embryonic sheep
Biotechnology in the 1990s
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1998: Scientists clone three generations of mice
from nuclei of adult ovarian cells
1998: Embryonic stem cells are used to
regenerate tissue and create disorders that
mimic diseases
1998: The Biotechnology Institute is founded
by BIO as an independent, national, 501(c)(3)
education organization
1999: The genetic code of the human
chromosome is deciphered
Biotechnology 2000 and Beyond
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2000: A rough draft of the human genome is
completed
2000: Pigs are the next animal cloned by
researchers to help produce organs for human
transplant
2001: The sequence of the human genome is
published in Science and Nature
2002: Scientists complete the sequence of the
pathogen of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice to
feed 60 million people annually
2003: Dolly, the cloned sheep from 1997, is
euthanized
Resources
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http://www.biotechinstitute.org