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Introduction of Plant
Biotechnology
Plant Biotechnology
 Manipulating plants for the benefit of mankind
 A precise process to improve plants.
Plant biotechnology is about:
More Food
Better Food
Better environment
Why plant breeding needs
plant biotechnology?
Breeding:
 Application of genetics principles for improvement
 Combining desirable traits from different varieties of
plants to produce plants of superior quality.
 Systematic procedures used to improve trait
phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed
manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence
level, and introduction of new genes.
Importance of plant breeding?
Agriculture is the biggest industrial sector in the
world
Increases in yield are derived both from improved
varieties and from improved management.
It suggests about a 50-50 of crop yield split between
genetic gain and gain attributed to management.
Planting material is the most important input in
agriculture
An improved cultivar is the most economic and
least laborious input for crop cultivation
Primary steps in plant
breeding
 Develop a Vision
 Find or Create Variability (Techniques)
 Apply Selection Pressure
 Evaluate and Select (Screen)
 Commercialize
Challenges of plant breeding
early in 21th century
 Human population growth
Human population is growing faster than increases in food
production. Grain production increases around 0.5% a year, while
human population growth is about 1.5% a year
 Sustainability
Environment problems due to natural resource over exploitation
 Globalization
World wide competition among the largest multinational as global
business entity and national companies of agriculture input
production such as seed materials
 Global warming
Changing climate may change in quality and quantity of biotic and abiotic factors.
Meeting the challenges
Use all knowledge and tools that can contribute to :
1. overcome the challenges
2. Maintain long term productivity and sustainability
Molecular genetics,
Molecular biology,
Genomics,
Proteomics,
Bioinformatics
Molecular physiology
Domestication
Maize germplasm
traditional/conventional breeding
Ancient maize---Teosinte ear
(Zea mays ssp mexicana) on left
Classical/conventional plant breeding
modern crop improvement
Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement
(A Continuum)
Bioinformatics
Proteomics
Genomics
Germplasm Improvement
( = higher yields)
Analytical Technologies
Transgenic Traits
Biotech/Genetic Engineering
Winter Nurseries
Computer Technologies
Plot Mechanization
Quantitative Genetics
Statistics
Pedigree Breeding
Hybridization
Open Pollinated Selection
Time
Selection breeding
methods
In vitro breeding
methods
Plant Breeding
in the 21th
Century
Molecular breeding
methods
Transgenic
breeding methods
Conventional breeding
methods
 Selection
 Hybridization
 Mutagenesis
 Polyploidy
 Heterosis
Selection breeding methods
The oldest method for plant improvement
 Mass selection
 Bulk breeding method
 Single-seed descent
 Pedigree breeding
In vitro breeding
1.Somaclonal variation
2.Haploid and double breeding
3.In vitro selection
4.Somatic Hybridization
5.Micro-propagation
Transgenic breeding
1.Gene construct methods
2. Transformation methods
3. Screening methods
4.Evaluation methods
Molecular breeding
1.Marker development
methods
2. Quantitative trait loci
3. Marker assisted breeding
methods
Comparing Genetic Modification
Techniques
Selective Breeding
Mutation breeding
Transgenic breeding
Whole organism
Molecule
Molecule
Thousands of genes
Unknown
Single gene
Level
Precision
Certainty
Limits
Genetic change poorly
characterized
Between species
and genera
Genetic change poorly
characterized
Not applicable
Gene function
well understood
No limitations
Traditional plant breeding
DNA is a strand of genes,
much like a strand of pearls.
Traditional plant breeding
combines many genes at
once.
Commercial variety
Traditional donor
New variety
(many genes are transferred)
=
X
(crosses)
Desired Gene
Desired gene
Transgenic breeding
Using plant
biotechnology, a single
gene may be added to
the strand.
Desired gene
Commercial variety
New variety
(only desired gene is followed)
=
(transfers)
Desired gene
New tools in plant breeding
No. Breeding steps
1.
Creating variability
2.
Selection
3.
Evaluation
4.
5.
Releasing
Seed production
New tools
1. Somaclonal technique
2. Protoplast fusion technique
3. Transformation technique
1. In vitro selection technique
2. Marker development technique
3. Double haploid technique
1. Marker development technique
1. Marker development technique
1. Micropropagation technique
2. Marker development technique
Outline
I. In vitro breeding
A. Micropropagation methods
B. Protoplast isolation and fusion methods
C. Somaclonal variation
D. In vitro Screening methods
II. Transgenic breeding
A. Gene construct methods
B. Transformation methods
C. Transgenic Plant
III. Molecular breeding
A.
Marker development methods
B. Marker Assisted Selection methods
C. Marker Assisted Backcrossing methods
"Never think for a minute that we
are going to build permanent
peace in this world on empty
stomachs and human misery."
Norman Borlaug
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate