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Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 19 Cancer Lecture Outline Part 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Cancer 2 Points to ponder • What are characteristics of cancer cells? • What are the 3 stages in the development of cancer? • What are angiogenesis and metastasis? • How do proto-oncogene and tumor-suppressor genes normally act, and how can they become cancerous? • Explain different types of cancer, depending on tissue type involved. • What are some genetic and environmental causes of cancer? • What does CAUTION stand for in regards to cancer? 3 Points to ponder • What are some regular screening tests you can get to help prevent cancer? • Know how to do self exams. • What are tumor marker and genetic tests? • What are some standard treatments for cancer? • What are some newer cancer therapies? • What is your opinion on controlling tobacco? 4 19.1 Cancer Cells Characteristics of cancer cells 1. Lack ________________ and do not contribute to body functioning 2. Have abnormal nuclei that are enlarged and may have an abnormal number of _________________ 3. Unlimited ability to divide • One way is through turning on the telomerase gene that allows telomeres on chromosomes to continually be built, thus allowing a cell to divide over and over again. 5 19.1 Cancer Cells Characteristics of cancer cells 4. Form tumors • __________ tumors are usually encapsulated and do not invade adjacent tissue, while a cancerous tumor usually is not encapsulated and eventually invades surrounding tissue. 5. Can divide without growth factors 6. Become abnormal gradually through a multistage process 7. Undergo __________ and ____________ 6 19.1 Cancer Cells 3 phases in the development of cancer cells • __________ – a single cell undergoes a mutation that causes it to divide repeatedly • __________ – a tumor develops and cells within the tumor mutate • __________ – a cell mutates in such a way that allows it to invade surrounding tissue 7 19.1 Cancer Cells 3 phases in the development of cancer cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. epithelial cells 1 mutation a. Cell (dark pink) acquires a mutation for repeated cell division. 2 mutations b. New mutations arise, and one cell (brown) has the ability to start a tumor. 3 mutations tumor c. Cancer insitu. The tumor is at its place of origin .One cell (purple) mutates further. lymphatic vessel blood vessel invasive tumor d. Cells have gained the ability to invade underlying tissues by producing a proteinase enzyme. malignant tumor e. Cancer cells now have the ability to invade lymphatic and blood vessels. distant tumor Figure 19.2 Progression from a single mutation to a tumor. f. New metastatic tumors are found some distance from the original tumor. lymphatic vessel 8 19.1 Cancer Cells What are angiogenesis and metastasis? • _______________ is the formation of new blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to the tumor. • ____________ occurs when cells move into the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels and form new tumors at distant sites from the primary tumor. 9 19.1 Cancer Cells The genetic basis for cancer • Proto-oncogenes – products promote the cell cycle and prevent cell death (__________) • Tumor suppressor genes – products ______ the cell cycle and __________ apoptosis • Mutations in these genes can cause cancer; in fact, proto-oncogenes that have mutated are cancer-causing genes called oncogenes. 10 19.1 Cancer Cells Mutations in proto-oncogenes produce oncogenes that stimulate the cell cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. stimulating growth factor receptor plasma membrane signaling pathway cytoplasm transcription factor protein that over stimulates the cell cycle nucleus oncogene Figure 19.3 Mutations in proto-oncogenes produce oncogenes that stimulate the cell cycle. 11 19.1 Cancer Cells Mutations in tumor suppressor genes cause a loss of cell cycle control Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. inhibiting growth factor receptor cytoplasm plasma membrane signaling pathway transcription factor protein that unable to inhibit the cell cycle or promote apoptosis nucleus mutated tumor suppressor gene Figure 19.4 Mutations in tumor suppressor genes cause a loss of cell cycle control. 12 19.1 Cancer Cells Types of cancer • _________ is the study of cancer. • ___________: cancers of the epithelial tissue • Adenocarcinomas: cancers of glandular epithelial cells • __________: cancers of muscle and connective tissues • __________: cancers of the blood • __________: cancers of lymphatic tissues 13 19.2 Causes and Prevention of Cancer Causes of cancer • Genetics • Environmental carcinogens – Radiation – Environmental carcinogens (tobacco smoke and pollutants) – Viruses 14 19.2 Causes and Prevention of Cancer Estimated cases of cancer and cancer deaths in the United States Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Male Female Male Female prostate 29% breast 30% lung and bronchus 29% lung and bronchus 26% lung and bronchus 14% lung and bronchus 14% colon and rectum 8% breast 15% colon and rectum 9% colon and rectum 9% prostate 11% colon and rectum 9% urinary bladder 6% uterine corpus 6% pancreas 6% pancreas 6% melanoma of the skin 5% non-hodgkin lymphoma 4% leukemia 4% ovary 5% non-hodgkin lymphoma 5% melanoma of the skin 4% liver and intrahepatic bile duct 4% non-hodgkin lymphoma 4% kidney and renal pelvis 5% thyroid 5% esophagus 4% leukemia 3% oral cavity 3% ovary 3% non-hodgkin lymphoma 3% uterine corpus 3% leukemia 3% kidney and renal pelvis 3% urinary bladder 4% liver and intrahpatic bile duct 2% pancreas 3% pancreas 3% kidney and renal pelvis 3% brain and other nervous system 2% all other sites 20% all sites 822,300 a. Cancer cases by site and sex all other sites 18% all sites 774,370 all other sites 23% all sites 300,430 b. Cancer deaths by site and sex all other sites 24% all sites 271,520 Figure 19.5 Estimated cases of cancer and cancer deaths in the United States. 15