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GLOBAL CONSULTATION ON GENETICS AND NEW BIOTECHNOLOGIES “PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY” TABITHA GNANAPRIYA Biotechnology in crop plants Biotic stress -insect pest resistant Bt cotton against boll worm -Disease resistant Grape vine against pierce’s disease -Antiviral papaya against papaya ringspot virus -Herbicide tolerance Roundup ready soyabean Abiotic stress -Salt tolerance Arabidopsis AtNHX1- Brassica napus -Drought tolerance DREB genes -Acid tolerance Wheat Almt1- barley Improved quality Shelf life • Flavr-savr tomato Vitamin • Golden rice polyunsaturated fatty acids • Canola- laurate and myristate Essential minerals • Soyabean ferritin- rice Plant based vaccines • Banana against hepatits B Fungal biotechnology Host for expressing heterologous proteins 1-Saccharomyces cerevisiae GRAS Human interferon Human epidermal growth factor Surface antigen of hepatitis B virus 2-Pichia pastoris Tight and strong promoter AOX1 (30%) Hirudin (Hirudo medicinalis) 3-Hansenula polymorpha Tightly regulated and strong promoter MOX (37%) Expression depends on glucose concentration Production of commercial enzymes Lipase- lipolase novo nordisk- humicola lanuginose in aspergillus oryzae Secondary metabolites • Immunosuppressive agent- cyclosporin A- tolypocladium nivenum • Hypocholesterolemic agents- lovastatin- monascus ruber • Antitumor agents- taxol- taxomyces andreanae • Mycotoxin- ergot- claviceps spp Future prospects Alternate host Aspergillus sojae Improve expression and secretion of non-fungal proteins Molecular techniques to carry out metabolic engineering Overall analysis of gene expression Biopharmaceuticals species use Production technique Aesculus glabra Rheumatic pain and antimalarial Embryos- callus Dioscorea alata Nutrition Callus Drosera rotundiafolia Asthama, cough and lung infection plantlets Lathyrus sativus neurotoxic plant Lavendula intermidia Cosmetic, flavoring and pharmaceutical callus Levels of genetic manipulation Cloning of genes Plant regeneration High-throughput screening system Genomic tools and resources Regulatory mechanism IPR Novel Distinct Uniform and stable Utility UPOV 1961, 1978, 1991 TRIPS 1994 ITPGRFA 2004 UPOV- 1961, 1978, 1991 Novel, distinct, uniform and stable but no innovative step 1978- profit for breeders 1991- permission required TRIPS-1994 Mandatory for WTO members Some form of IP protection Patent Sui generis system African union save, use, multiply but not to sell ITPGRFA- 2004 Multilateral system • Access and benefit sharing • Sharing of technology • Updated Farmers rights Encourage for protection of TK Sharing benefits Decision making Future Donating technology Public-private partnership Cross licensing acquisition