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• Characteristics of Living Things • • • • • • • Need food/require energy Made of cells Respond to their environment Adapt to their environment • Cells and Heredity – Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells. • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function • All cells come from preexisting cells Cellular Classification • Unicellular Organisms • Multicellular Organisms • __________ celled • ____________________ • Bacteria, archaea, • Plants, animals, fungi, some protists (euglena, some protists paramecium, amoeba) Cells Nucleus present Eukaryote Prokaryote Membrane bound organelles NO Nucleus NO Membrane bound organelles Linear DNA Single or multicelled Fungi Circular DNA Single celled Plant Animal Protists Bacteria Archaea Classify as single or multi-celled, prokaryotic or eukaryotic, & kingdom Human Cat Bacteria Oak Tree Gold Fish Euglena Mushroom Fly Snake Paramecium Daffodil Cyanobacteria Virus Kelp Homeostasis Maintaining a ______________________ environment inside of an organism Examples: Cellular Transport • Into the cell • Out of the cell Methods of Transport • Active Transport – Requires _________________ – uses transport protein • Passive transport – Does ______ require energy – Moves from ________ to _____ concentration – Wants to reach equilibrium Passive Transport • Diffusion= movement of ______________ • Osmosis – Movement of ______ from area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (from hypotonic to hypertonic) • Hypotonic = lower solute concentration • Hypertonic = higher solute concentration • Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis • Movement of ______________ • Water makes up about 70% of the cell and is required for transport of food, nutrients, and waste throughout the body. • Water moves from a _________________solution to a ______________ solution. • Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration • Hypertonic Solution: Greater solute concentration • Isotonic Solution: equal solute concentration • Animal Cells need to be surrounded by an ___________ solution – Animal cells in a hypotonic solution gain water and will swell and burst – Animal cells in a hypertonic solution lose water and will shrivel • Plant Cells need to be surrounded by a ___________solution. – Plant cells in an isotonic solution become flaccid – Plant cells in a hypertonic solution lose water undergo plasmolysis Endocytosis Exocytosis • ___________________ • A cell takes in macromolecules or other substances when regions of the plasma membrane surround the substance, pinch off, and form a vesicle within the cell. • A cell secretes macromolecules –waste, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc. Practice: 1. An animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution; what will happen to the cell? 2. A plant cell contains a solute concentration of 0.5M; in what direction will water move if the cell is placed in a 0.2M solution? 3. What term best describes the process by which a drop of food coloring over time spreads out uniformly through a beaker of water? 4. In the diagram to the right, what will be the direction of net water movement across the semi-permeable membrane? 7.5M NaCl 5.7M NaCl Cell Division Mitosis • _______________________ • ____________ cells • Daughter cells: – _____________________________ – _____________________________ – _____________________________ – ____________________________ • • • • • Chromatin coiled to form discrete chromosomes Nucleoli disappear Form mitotic spindle, lengthen microtubules Nuclear membrane breaks down Microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochore ___________________ – Chromosomes lined up at middle of cell ___________________ – Microtubules shorten – Chromatids _____________ pulled toward opposite sides of the cell ___________________ – Daughter nuclei form at either side – Chromatin becomes less tightly coiled – Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) occurs during telophase. Meiosis • ______________ reproduction • Form ______________________ • Daughter cells – __________produced (two nuclear divisions) – ________________ (cuts the number of chromosomes in half) – Different from parent and unique from each other Mitosis 2 identical daughter cells 4 identical daughter cells Chromosomes number halved Chromosomes number maintained 2 rounds of division One round of division Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Genetic variation more likely Daughter cells identical to parent Daughter cells not identical to parent Duplication of chromosomes occurs Growth & maintenance Produces gametes Meiosis • New Handout Energy Transformation • Law of Conservation of Matter: During an ordinary chemical change, there is no detectable change in the _________ of matter amount • Law of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be destroyed _________ or _________, but can change in form created carbon • Macromolecules: composed of __________ and are the building blocks of all living things. Organic Macromolecules Disaccharide polypeptide support energy energy Rice, bread, potatoes DNA/RNA Meat, cheese, beans Butter, oil genetic Meat, fruit, vegetables Flow of Energy Through an Ecosystem • Autotrophs or Producers sun – Obtain energy from the _________ and nutrients from the soil _____ plants make their own food through the process of – _______ ____________ photosynthesis • Heterotrophs or Consumers eating – Obtains energy through _____________ • Herbivore: eats only______________ plants animals • Carnivore: eats only ______________ • Omnivore: eats both _________________ Eats producers – Primary consumer:_________________________ – Secondary consumer:________________________ Eats primary consumer • Decomposer – ______________ dead & decaying matter to breakdown ____________ nutrients back to the soil _______ inorganic bacteria fungi – _________________ & ______________ – Why are decomposers necessary in an Return nutrients back to soil for ecosystem?___________________________ ____________________________________ producers to use and start cycle over Ecology • Matter and energy change forms by means of food chains and food webs (a series of interconnected food chains). – Producers come first in a food chain. Producers are also called __autotrophs___ and include plants and other organisms that make their own food (usually through a process known as __photosynthesis_______________). – Consumers (or _heterotrophs__) are shown in the order in which they consume their food or prey. Consumers can obtain their food through __predation___ or __scavenging___. – Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organisms and allow nutrients to be recycled. They come last in a food chain. – Example of a food chain: • Food chain linear – _____________ pathway of energy transport through an ecosystem – _____________ producers come first – ________________ decomposers come last Show flow of energy – Arrows ____________________ (not who eats who!) Food Webs • • • • Network/web of food chains A _____________ producers are at the beginning ____________ ____________ decomposersare at the end Show flow of energy Arrows ___________________ (not who eats who!) Ecology Ecology is the study of the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment. • Levels of ecological organization: – The environment is made up of living components (_biotic_ factors) and nonliving components (__abiotic__ factors) – Organisms that live closely with other organisms are in a symbiotic relationship. • Mutualism a. one organism benefits while the other is harmed • Commensalism b. both organisms benefit • Parasitism c. one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed Living Together • Mutualism – Both benefit – Ants & aphids • Commensalism – One benefits other is neither harmed nor helped – Birds & bison • Parasitism – One benefits other is harmed – Fungus on trees Ecosystem • All living and nonliving things in a given area Community – All living organisms that inhabit a given area. – A group of populations Population • A group of individuals belonging to the same species that live together in the same area Competition • Two or more organisms require the same resource that is in limited supply. • Food, shelter, light, water, mates • The strongest organism will win the competition and will be more likely to live and pass its genes on to the next generation (natural selection). Habitat • Place or environment in which populations live Niche • Role of a species in an ecosystem • Relationships, activities, resources used Succession • The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time • Primary succession occurs on a surface where no soil exists. Example: bare rock, areas covered by volcanic ash • Secondary succession occurs in an area where a disturbances changes an existing community without destroying the soil. Example: plowed land, area burned by wildfire Biomes Cycles of Matter Carbon Cycle • Carbon is the key ingredient in all living organisms • Processes involved: biological (example: photosynthesis), geochemical (example: release of CO2 by volcanoes), human activity (example: burning of fossil fuels) Nitrogen Cycle • All organisms require nitrogen to build proteins • Forms of nitrogen: N2 in atmosphere; NH3, NO3-, NO2- in wastes; nitrate from fertilizers • Some bacteria convert N2 into NH3 during nitrogen fixation. • Some bacteria convert nitrates into N2 during denitrification. • Water Cycle • All organisms require water to survive. • Processes: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, seepage, runoff Genetics • Dominant Allele = fully expressed • Recessive Allele = only shows if dominant allele is absent • Homozygous = having 2 same allele • Heterozygous = having two different alleles • Phenotype = physical and physiological traits; what is expressed; what you see • Y = yellow; y = green Genotype Description Phenotype YY Yy yy • A chicken and a rooster mate. The chicken has white feathers and the rooster has brown feathers. Brown is dominant, and white is recessive. Assuming the rooster is heterozygous, predict the frequency of each genotype and phenotype in their offspring.