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Sex Determination • Female sex chromosomes: XX • Male sex chromosomes: Xy In humans, the X and Y chromosomes control the sex of offspring. Outcome is always 50% chance of a male, and 50% chance of a female Practice Problem The Jones family is planning to have another child. Mrs. Jones is the proud mom of 3 healthy boys. In her heart, she has always wanted a daughter. What are her chances of her next baby being a girl? Show with a Punnett square. X y X X XX XX 50% chance girl Xy Xy 50% chance boy Pedigree Charts The family tree of genetics What is a Pedigree? • A pedigree is a chart of the genetic history of family over several generations. • Scientists or a genetic counselor would find out about your family history and make this chart to analyze. Constructing a Pedigree Female Male Connecting Pedigree Symbols Examples of connected symbols: Parents Siblings Example What does a pedigree chart look like? Symbols in a Pedigree Chart Affected “Normal” Deceased Interpreting a Pedigree Chart Determine whether the disorder is dominant or recessive. – If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder. – If the disorder is recessive, neither parent has the disorder because they can be heterozygous. Example of Pedigree Charts Dominant or Recessive? Answer Dominant Example of Pedigree Charts Dominant or Recessive? Answer Recessive Summary Pedigrees are family trees that explain your genetic history. Pedigrees are used to find out the probability of a child having a disorder in a particular family. To begin to interpret a pedigree, determine if the disease or condition is autosomal or Xlinked and dominant or recessive. I 1 2 II 1 2 3 1 III IV Let H= hitchhiker’s thumb h= straight thumb 1 2 2 4 3 4 3 1. What is the genotype of IV-1? 2. What is the genotype IV-3? 3. What is the genotype of III-1? 4. What is the genotype III-2? 5. What is the genotype II-3? 6. Is it possible for individual IV-2 to be a carrier? Why? Let D= normal d=- sickle cell 7. Which members of the family above are afflicted with sickle cell anemia? 8. How are individuals III-4 and III-5 related? 9. How are individuals I-1 and I-2 related? 10. How are individuals II-7 and III-2 related? 11. How are individuals I-2 and III-5 related? 12. How many children did individuals I-1 and I-2 have? 13. How many girls did II-1 and II-2 have? How many have sickle cell anemia? 14. Label the genotype for: II-1 _______ II-2 _______ II-6 ________ II-7 ________ II-8 _______ III-1_______ III-3 _______