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Gregor Mendel Genetics Experiments With Pea Plants Mendel Noticed Pea Plants varied by: height, color of flowers, position of flowers, seed color, seed shape, pod color, pod shape Mendel Hypothesized Mendel Hypothesized Variations in pea plant appearance was due to something (some information) passed along during reproduction by the parent plants. Mendel’s Experimental Design Mendel’s Experimental Design Mendel raised pea plants to “breed true,” I.e. tall only produced tall, short only produced short Mendel’s Experimental Design Mendel raised pea plants to “breed true,” I.e. tall only produced tall, short only produced short Mendel crossed one true-breeding variety with the alternate true-breeding variety, e.g. tall x short P1 Tall X Short P1 Tall X Short F1 All Tall P1 Tall X Short F1 All Tall F2 3/4 Tall 1/4 Short Mendel Hypothesized That something was passed from parents to offspring to determine height; he called this an allele P1 F1 F2 Tall X T All Tall T 3/4 Tall T Short t 1/4 Short t Mendel Hypothesized That something was passed from parents to offspring to determine height; he called this an allele Further, since the t allele was “hidden” in the F1, but reappeared in the F2, plants must have a pair of alleles for each trait. P1 F1 F2 Tall X TT All Tall Tt 3/4 Tall T? Short tt 1/4 Short tt When an organism had a pair of alleles the same, e.g. TT or tt, he called this homozygous When an organism had an unlike pair of alleles, e.g. Tt, he called this heterozygous These terms refer to an organism’s genotype The appearance of the organism he called it’s phenotype Practice Vocab Ex. Plant Height Genotype Phenotype Pure or Hybrid Homozygous/ Heterozygous More practice Ex. Flower color Genotype Phenotype Pure or Hybrid Homozygous/ Heterozygous Mendel proposed several principles regarding his findings If an organism is heterozygous and only one phenotype appears, this is the dominant phenotype, the alternate is the recessive phenotype When an organism reproduces, allele pairs must segregate and only one member of each allele pair is passed along to the next generation. Solving Genetic Problems TT T T tt T X t t t = T t F1 Punnett Square TT X tt t t Genotype 4/4- Tt T Tt Tt Phenotype 4/4- Tall T Tt Tt Practice Space Test Cross What is the genotype of a short pea plant?______ What is the genotype of a tall pea plant?_____ or _____ Mendel developed a way of testing whether the tall plant is homozygous or heterozygous. It was the test cross Test Cross problem T_ X tt Independent Assortment The inheritance of any characteristic is independent of the inheritance of any other characteristic. Ex. The inheritance of height is independent from pea color. Mendel provided evidence for this through dihybrid crosses. Dihybrid Cross TtPp X TtPp To solve this problem you can use a 16 block punnett square or the Forkline method. 16 Block Punnett Square Fork Line Method Ex. TtPp X TtPp Practice with Fork Line Method Practicing Punnett Squares Chromosome Options Typical Dihybrid Cross RrYy x RrYy QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Dihybrid Cross with Crossover CcShsh x ccshsh QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Random Assortment QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.