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Science and Medicine • Scientists got a good look at cells and discovered they were made up of smaller organelles. • Gregor Mendel, a monk, worked with pea plants and discovered dominant and recessive traits. – Beginning of study of genetics. Gregor Mendel • Edward Jenner invented vaccinations. – Dosing someone with weak or dead strains of a disease, so antibodies are created. • Jenner noticed milkmaids who got cowpox did not get smallpox. • Created the Smallpox Vaccine, virtually wiping smallpox out. Edward Jenner • Louis Pasteur learned that heating, then cooling liquids will kill any bacteria. – Called Pasteurization. • Anesthetics began to be used in surgery. – Chloroform, laudanum, ether. • Joseph Lister began working on sterilizing hospitals and medical equipment to prevent infection. – Used a spray of carbolic acid. Joseph Lister Social Sciences • Study of human behavior and interaction. • Anthropology – Study of different cultures, both past and present. • Sociology – Study of people’s interactions in society. • Psychology – Study of the mind and human behavior. – Two major pioneers in psychology: • Ivan Pavlov. • Studied “conditioned response.” – Train someone to behave a certain way to stimulus. • Studied “positive and negative reinforcement.” – Modify behavior through rewards and punishments. • Sigmund Freud. • Founded Psychiatry, or the study and treatment of mental illness. • Believed that events subconsciously affected behavior. • Divided brain into 3 sections: – Id – Crocodile brain. – Ego – Conscious brain. – Superego – Unconscious brain. Literature • New movement in literature – Romanticism. – View of life as it should be, not how it is. • James Fenimore Cooper – “Last of the Mohicans.” – American Indians were “noble savages.” • Brothers Grimm – Collected German fairy tales. – Little Red Riding Hood – Wolf ate part of Grandma, chopped up the rest and served it to Red, bottled Grandma’s blood and served it as wine. – Hansel and Gretel – Wolf eats breadcrumbs, kids get lost; Dad finds them; Witch kills Dad; Witch eats Hansel; Gretel gets away, comes back and kills Witch. • Mary Shelley – Frankenstein. – Scary monster story, monster is “misunderstood”. • Bram Stoker – Dracula. – Scary monster story. • Sir Walter Scott – Ivanhoe. – Noble, glorious knights. • Goethe – Faust. – Man makes deal with the Devil. Music • Ludwig van Beethoven. • Franz Schubert. • Frederick Chopin. – All had powerful, passionate music. • Pyotr Tchaikovsky – Russian. – Wrote 1812 Overture to celebrate Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo. • Richard Wagner – German. – Ride of the Valkyries. – Hitler’s favorite composer. Ludwig van Beethoven Franz Schubert Frederick Chopin Pyotr Tchaikovsky Richard Wagner Valkyrie Art • New art movement – Realism. – Show things as they are, not as they ought to be.