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Biology Gateway Review Charts Adapted from: Mr. Conner Blackman High School Etymology Title NOTES Vocabulary “bio” means living “A” means no, not, none; negative term Biotic Abiotic Biotic vs Abiotic Biotic things: animals, plants, bacteria, population, communities Abiotic things: water, soil, light oxygen, carbon dioxide, sun, sand, snow, gases Need to know biotic and abiotic items in different ecosystems: Desert biotic: cactus, birds, desert rat, rattlesnake Desert abiotic: water, sand, heat, sun Tundra biotic: polar bear, whales, snow hare Tundra abiotic: permafrost, snow, glacier Rainforest biotic: toucan, spider monkey, black howler monkey Rainforest abiotic: rain, canopy, understory, soil Population and Succession Things that affect populations Primary succession includes the species that are the first to cultivate an area that has NOT been previously cultivated. Lichen is a common pioneer species. •Natural disasters (fire, floods, etc.) •Changes in climate •Human negligence (pollution, erosion, contamination, etc. •Change in resources •Overhunting •Adverse effects of technology •Pesticides/Insecticides •Waste disposal •Importation of a foreign species Secondary succession occurs when there is an ecological disturbance in a community without moving the soil. Examples include fires, abandoning farmlands, etc. Symbiosis/Symbiotic Relationship Relationship between two living (bio) organisms One organism always benefits, the question is… What happens to the second one? Organism 1 Organism 2 M utualism Commensalism Parasitism + + + No effect + harmed Predator/Prey + killed Example sea anemone and clownfish Bee and flower Spanish moss on tree tick and dog; tapeworm and human wolf and rabbit cheetah and zebra (not an exampl e of symbi osi s) FOOD CHAIN algae zooplankton insects bluegill bass •When one is removed, it affects the entire food chain (above and below) •On the diagram pay attention to the directions of the arrows •Animals can NOT switch from one food source to another during its lifetime. It takes generations afterwards for the primary food source to evolve or change. Therefore, the population size immediately decrease when the primary food source is removed. FOOD WEB Predator Prey Host Food Web Food Chain Energy Pyramid omni- all herb- plant carni- meat auto- self hetero- different Producers: Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic Consumers: Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, Detritivores and Decomposers Level 4 Consumers 3 Level 3 Scavengers/Decomposer/Omnivores/Carnivores Consumers 2 Level 2 Consumers 1 Level 1 Producers Plankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton •Producer •Consumer •Plant-like •Animal-like •Autotroph •Heterotroph •Photosynthetic Heterotrophs 3 Carnivores/Omnivores Heterotrophs 2 Herbivores Heterotrophs 1 Autotroph Plants 1 0 0 9 1 0 0 0 86 1 0 0 0 0 855 1 0 0 0 0 0 8547 90% Energy lost from one level to another. Total 8538 units of energy lost. 10% goes to next level Im – in Population Growth Curves Carrying Capacity Em - out Predator/Prey Population Curve Logistic Curve Exponential Curve -“S” shaped curve -“J”- curve -most common in biology -Population explosion -Restricted growth pattern -Unrestricted growth rate -Carrying capacity – the number of individuals that an environment can support -Cause: Unlimited Resources Examples of limiting factors: Limiting Factors will cause populations to reach their carrying capacity Predation Disease Human activity Population Population Increase Decrease Birthrate X Deathrate X Migration Immigration Emmigration Resources Adequate Insufficient Cycles Oxygen Cycle Carbon Cycle • Biogeochemical cycle • Biogeochemical cycle •Through the process of Photosynthesis, plants make oxygen that animals breathe in. • Carbon is added into the atmosphere by various means: •Plants also removes carbon from the atmosphere •Aerobic bacteria need oxygen in order to breakdown organic material • 1. Burning wood/fossil fuels 2. Result of decomposition 3. Result of breathing by animals 4. At night by plants Carbon is removed from the air by the process of photosynthesis (Plants, algae, some bacteria, phytoplankton) Oxygen-Carbon Cycle See 2 previous Cycles Cycles (cont) Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle Water Cycle • Biogeochemical cycle • Biogeochemical cycle • Water Cycle has main parts • Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere (80%). • • Evaporation is how water vapor is returned to the atmosphere. • Phosphorus remains mostly in the soil and rocks. It doesn’t usually enter the atmosphere. Most of the nitrogen in the atmosphere is not useable. Nitrogen (gaseous form) has to be fixed. Nitrifying (Nitrogen fixing) algae, nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil, ammonia from decaying organisms and lightning are ways to “fix” nitrogen. • • Mostly used to make fertilizers Transpiration is how plants “sweat” and return water vapor to the air. • Algae bloom (increase of algae that causes bacteria to grow as it consumes the algae) is caused by too much phosphorus in water. • Condensation is when water vapor gets cold and turns to a liquid and form clouds. • Precipitation is when the clouds of condensed liquid gets too heavy and water is released from them.. • Unusable nitrogen is added into the atmosphere by Denitrifying (Unfixing) bacteria **Bacteria fight with fish for oxygen. • Plants absorb the phosphorus in the soil and the phosphorus is returned back to the soil upon decomposition of the animals that directly or indirectly consumed the plant. Cell Types Both have DNA, chromosomes and ribosomes. NO Prokaryote YES Does it have a Nucleus? Eukaryote Nucleus No Yes Membrane Covered Organelles No Yes DNA type Circular Linear Reproductive Method Binary Fission Mitosis and Cytokinesis Replication Time Fast Slow Example Bacteria Examples include Plant Characteristics of ALL living things -Contain cell -DNA -Reproduce -Develop and Grow -Sense and Respond -Use Energy (ATP) Animal Shape: Circular Shape: Boxed Duplicates with a cell plate Chloroplast Large vacuole Cell Wall Duplicates with a cleavage furrow Centrioles Cell Structures Cell tissue organ organ system organism population(species) community ecosystem (biotic/abiotic) biosphere Nucleus Control center of the cell Nucleolus Inside nucleus; houses the genetic material (DNA) Mitochondria Powerhouse; ATP production; cellular respiration (plant and animal cells) Ribosomes In plant cells (cytoplasm) and in animal (on ER); protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus ER is connected to nucleus; intracellular pathway/channel; Smooth or Rough (ribosomes) Package, ships stores and modifies proteins for transport out of the cell Cytoplasm Fluid/gel filled inner parts of cells. Cushions and protects the organelles in a cell Cell Membrane Outer membrane; regulates what enters and leaves the cell; plasma membrane Nuclear Membrane Membrane around the nucleus Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes; destroys foreign particles Centriole Only in animal cells; assist with mitosis Cell Wall Only in plant cells; helps to maintain plants structure Vacuole In both plants and animals but larger in plants Cilia Hair-like projections that aid in a cell’s movement Flagella A whip-like structure that aids in a cell’s movement Cytoskeleton/Microtubules Maintains the structure of the cell Endo – in, inside Exo – out, outside Pino - drink All words on page Transport Mechanisms Phago - eat Does it require/use energy (ATP)? Cyto - cell Yes No Passive “Transport” Active “Transport” From High to Low (with concentration gradient) From Low to High (against concentration gradient) DIFFUSION Endocystosis Phagocystosis “Simple Diffusion” - most common diffusion Osmosis -Water only Facilitated Diffusion -Helper/Channel - Protein “In” “Eat” Pinocytosis Exocytosis “Drink” “Out” Hyper – high, more Solute Tonicity Iso - equal Hypo – low, less Solvent •Salt (solute) Sucks!!!! Water follows salt. •Is the question referring to inside the cell or to the solution. Tonicity Hypotonic Solution Isotonic 20% 20% 5% 20% 5% Cell 5% 20% 5% •Hypertonic 5% 20% 20% 5% Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acid C H O N P X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4 main Organic Compounds (based on Carbon) CHO CHO Carbohydrates CHON Lipids *Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio *NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio -in cell membrane CHONP Proteins “Prince” Nucleic Acid -Modified on Ribosomes Simple Complex Sugar Starch Monosaccharide “Breakfast” Ex. Glucose Test: Benedict Solution (orange with heat) Simple Lipid Polysaccharide Test: Paper bag (translucent spot) “Dinner” Sudan III Ex. Potato (red ring Test: Iodine (dark purple) around fat globules) Complex Glycerol Fatty Acids Test: Paper Bag (translucent spot) Sudan III (red ring around fat globules) -Hormones -Subunit is Amino Acid (Translation) -subunit is nucleotides -Examples: DNA and RNA -Test: Biuret’s Reagent (lavender or light purple) -enzymes and hormones Pro – first, before Meta – middle, meet Cell Cycle Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Ana – away, opposite Telo –far Cyto - cell Kinesis - breakdown Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis 80% of time 15% of time 5% of time G1 S G2 P M A T P M Cytokinesis is NOT part of Mitosis The cells are NOT separated during Telophase A T Plant Animal Cell Plate Cleavage Furrow Photosynthesis Sunlight H2 0 Glucose C6H12O6 Gas: CO2 O2 Water plus Carbon Dioxide plus Energy in the form of sunlight yields Oxygen and Glucose H2 O 6H2O + energy ( sunlight) CO2 6CO2 + energy ( sunlight) O2 6O2 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 WRITTEN EQUATION COMPOUNDS NEEDED Raw Equation BALANCED EQUATION Photosynthesis Light Dependent Calvin Cycle Sunlight Light independent Reaction Light reaction +/- Sunlight Light dependent Reaction Dark reaction Occurs in Thalakoid Membranes Occurs in Stroma Key product: 02 Key product: Sugar Key Reactant: H20 Key Reactant: CO2 R P C 6 6 H 12 12 O 18 18 R i P Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy yields (sunlight) C6H12O6 + 602 (chloroplast -stores) and Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 602 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP) (mitochondria-releases) C6H12O6 6CO2 602 6H2O Energy and R i P The reactants of one are the products of the other and vice versa ATP Production Glycolysis (2 total ATPs) (in cytoplasm) No Is Oxygen present? Yes ATP Production Summary Fermentation Lactic Acid (muscles) Anaerobic Respiration Alcohol (yeast) Glycolsis 2 Krebs Cycle 2 Electron Transport 32 Aerobic Respiration (Gly + Cell Resp) 36 Cellular Respiration mitochondria Anaerobic Resp (Gly + Ferm) 2 Lactic Acid Ferm (with glycolysis) 2 Alcohol Ferm (with glycolysis) 2 Krebs Cycle (2 ATPs) and ETS (32 ATPs) Aerobic Respiration Meiosis Egg 23 44 Body Somatic mitosis 2 Sex Meiosis + sperm = zygote 23 = 46 Homo Hetero Geno Pheno Dominant Recessive Alleles Probability Diploid Haploid Mono Diploid Law of Independent Assortment Genetic Traits Dominant Polygenic Sex-Linked -Many genes determine traits Dominant/ Recessive Incomplete Co-dominance -Only 2 options -1 options -2 options -Example tall or short -In between - co means “2” -Example: White plus red flower yields pink flowers -Example: Black plus white yields black with white or white with black Dominant -Needs just one Capital letter to have the disease Recessive -Needs two lowercase letters to have the disease (unless it is a male with one Uppercase on X chromosome. Punnett Squares and Pedigrees Genotype: genes (allele distribution) Phenotype: Physical characteristics Egg plus sperm yields zygote Homo: same Dominant/Recessive Hetero: Different H and h are different PP = Homozygous Dominant Pp = Heterozygous Dominant H and H are the same (so is h and h) Mono: Means one. Monohybrid is one trait that has 2 letters. pp = Recessive Sex-Linked If Male child is diseased, “He got it from his momma” Biomolecules/Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids -abbreviated NA -elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus compounds Sugar (5 carbon) nitrogen base phosphate group -subunit: nucleotides -examples DNA RNA name -deoxyribonucleic acid sugar -deoxyribose nucleotides -GAC and T strands -double stranded/double helix Edwin Chargaff’s Rule G=C (DNA/RNA) A=T (DNA) A=U (RNA) 30% G 20% A DNA __% C __% U __% T name -ribonucleic acid sugar -ribose nucleotides -GAC and U strands -single stranded 30% G 20% A RNA __% C __% U __% T ase = enzyme ose = sugar DNA Synthesis Replication Transcription Translation 1 copy of DNA to 2 copies of DNA In nucleus Hydrogen Bonds DNA to RNA In nucleus RNA to Amino Acids and Proteins On ribosomes Peptide Bonds Key players: DNA polymerase Helicase GAC and T Replication Forks Key players: RNA polymerase mRNA, tRNA rRna GAC and U rUn and RNA DNA Fingerprinting DNA Fingerprinting: Look to see which set has the most matching lines Key players: tRNA, mRNA Amino Acids (20) Mutations Gene Chromosomal (Changes in number OR structure of chromosomes) Point Substitution Frameshift (changes one amino acid) (hinders protein from performing its function) Deletion Insertion Inversion Deletion Duplication Translocation Evolution Homologous Structures: Same structure Analogous Structures: Different function Natural Selection Directional Disruptive Stabilizing One extreme of genotypic expression is favored Both Extremes Average Levels of Fossil Classification Youngest Oldest Probably extinct Don’t look like animals here today * Fish fossils in areas of dry land suggest that the area was onve under water (shallow marine) 2 3 4 5 P1 F1 1 or F1: Siblings 2: Normal Female 3 or P1: Marriage 4: Normal Male 5: Someone Marrying a Sibling 6: Carrier Female 7: Diseased Male 8: Diseased Female 1 6 7 First Parents: P1 First Children: F1 Children of First Children: F2 Not available: Carrier Male F2 8 Marriage Siblings Pedigree Introduction Pro – ___________ Meta – __________ Cell Cycle Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Ana – ___________ Telo –___________ Cyto - __________ Kinesis - _________ Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis 80% of time 15% of time 5% of time G1 S G2 P M A T P M A T Plant Animal Cell Plate Cleavage Furrow Cytokinesis is NOT part of Mitosis The cells are NOT separated during Telophase Can you complete the replication process in 1 step? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6? 7? 8? 9?10? Photosynthesis _____________ H2 0 Glucose ___________ Gas: ___________ O2 Water plus Carbon Dioxide plus Energy in the form of sunlight yields Oxygen and Glucose H2 O CO2 energy ( sunlight) O2 C6H12O6 __________________________________________________________________________ WRITTEN EQUATION COMPOUNDS NEEDED Raw Equation BALANCED EQUATION Photosynthesis Light Dependent Calvin Cycle ________________ Light independent Reaction Light reaction +/- Sunlight Light dependent Reaction ____________reaction Occurs in _______________ Occurs in ___________ Key product: ______ Key product: ________ Key Reactant: ________ Key Reactant: _______ R P C 6 6 H 12 12 O 18 18 R i P Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy yields (________) C6H12O6 + 602 (chloroplast -_______________) and Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 602 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (_____) (mitochondria-_____________) _________ ______ _________ _______ _______ and The reactants of one are the _________________of the other and vice versa ATP Production Glycolysis (___ total ATPs) (in ____________) No Is ________ present? Yes ATP Production Summary ___________________ Lactic Acid (_________) __________ Respiration Alcohol (yeast) Glycolsis 2 Krebs Cycle 2 Electron Transport 32 Aerobic Respiration (Gly + Cell Resp) ____ ___________________ _____________ Anaerobic Resp (Gly + Ferm) 2 Lactic Acid Ferm (with glycolysis) 2 Alcohol Ferm (with glycolysis) 2 Krebs Cycle (2 ATPs) and ETS (32 ATPs) _________ Respiration