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LECTURE 5
Stages of world
politological ideas
development
Тhemes:
Politics and Modern
Society.
Politology in the system of
social sciences
Stages of world
politological ideas
development
Politics and Modern Society.
Politics is a process by which
groups of people make
decisions. The term is
generally applied to behaviour
within civil governments, but
politics has been observed in
all human group interactions,
including corporate, academic,
and religious institutions
Ideology
The word "ideology" was coined long
before the Russians coined
"intelligentsia", or before the adjective
"intellectual" referred to a sort of
person (see substantive), i.e. an
intellectual. Thus these words were not
around when the hard-headed, driven
Napoleon Bonaparte took the word
"ideologues" to ridicule his intellectual
opponents.
Ideology (2)
Ideology as an
instrument of social
reproduction
Karl Marx proposed that
a society's dominant
ideology was a part of its
superstructure.
Karl Marx
Karl Marx proposed an
economic
base/superstructure
model of society. The
base refers to the means
of production of society.
Louis Althusser
Louis Althusser
proposed a materialistic
conception of ideology,
which made use of a
special type of
discourse: the lacunar
discourse.
Feminism as critique of ideology
Naturalizing socially
constructed patterns of
behavior has always been an
important mechanism in the
production and reproduction of
ideologies. Feminist theorists
have paid close attention to
these mechanisms.
Ideologies of parties
A political ideology largely concerns
itself with how to allocate power and
to what ends it should be used. Some
parties follow a certain ideology very
closely, while others may take broad
inspiration from a group of related
ideologies without specifically
embracing any one of them.
Political ideologies
Political ideologies have two
dimensions:
Goals: How society should
work (or be arranged).
Methods: The most appropriate
ways to achieve the ideal
arrangement.
Epistemological ideologies
There are critics who view
science as an ideology in itself, or
being an effective ideology, called
scientism. Some scientists
respond that, while the scientific
method is itself an ideology, as it is
a collection of ideas, there is
nothing particularly wrong or bad
about it.
Ideology and semiotic theory
According to the semiotician Bob
Hodge, ideology "identifies a
unitary object that incorporates
complex sets of meanings with the
social agents and processes that
produced them. No other term
captures this object as well as
‘ideology’.
Politology in the system of social
sciences
The social sciences are the
fields of scientific knowledge
and academic scholarship that
study social groups and, more
generally, human society
History of the social sciences
The history of the social sciences
begins in the roots of ancient
philosophy. In Ancient history,
there was no difference between
mathematics and the study of
history, poetry or politics.
Significant contributions to the
social sciences were made by
Muslim scientists in the Islamic
civilization during the Middle Ages.
The Social Sciences
Anthropology
Biology
Business studies
Communication and media
studies
Demography
Development studies
The Social Sciences (2)
Economics
Education
Geography
History
Industrial relations
Law
The Social Sciences (3)
Linguistics
Marxism
Medicine
Methodology
Philosophy
The Social Sciences (4)
Political science
Political theory
Psychiatry
Psychology
Social problems and
Criminology
Sociology
Anthropology
Anthropology is the holistic
"science of man". The
discipline deals with the
integration of different aspects
of the Social Sciences,
Humanities, and Human
Biology.
Economics
Economics is a social science that
seeks to analyze and describe the
production, distribution, and
consumption of wealth. The word
"economics" is from the Greek
οἶκος [oikos], "family, household,
estate," and νόμος [nomos],
"custom, law," and hence means
"household management" or
"management of the state."
Education
Education encompasses
teaching and learning
specific skills, and also
something less tangible but
more profound: the
imparting of knowledge,
positive judgement and
well-developed wisdom.
Geography
Geography as a discipline
can be split broadly into two
main sub fields: human
geography and physical
geography.
History
History is the continuous,
systematic narrative and research
of past events as relating to the
human species; as well as the
study of all events in time, in
relation to humanity. There is much
debate over history's classification
of academe
Law
Law in common parlance,
means a rule which (unlike a
rule of ethics) is capable of
enforcement through
institutions. The study of law
crosses the boundaries
between the social sciences
Sociology
Sociology is the study of society
and human social action. It
generally concerns itself with the
social rules and processes that
bind and separate people not only
as individuals, but as members of
associations, groups, communities
and institutions
Psychology
Psychology is an academic and
applied field involving the study of
behavior and mental processes.
Psychology also refers to the
application of such knowledge to
various spheres of human activity,
including problems of individuals'
daily lives and the treatment of
mental illness.
Stages of world politological
ideas development
One of the most widespread themes
in various discussions about the
reasons of the long time RussianChechen military confrontation is the
attempt to find out which was the
more guilty party in the beginning war
and who is interested in its
continuation.
The problem of separatism
As to the problem of separatism it
perhaps was never so actual as
nowadays. The Chechen people are
so destitute and destroyed, the social,
economic and political problems are
so enormous, that even if Russia was
smitten with love for Chechnya and
wanting to facilitate its fate there
would little it could do.