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Biomolecules Biomolecules ■ Biomolecules are carbon-based molecules made and used by living things. ○ They can also be called macromolecules. ■ Macro = large ■ Micro = small Metabolism ■ ■ Biomolecules: created and broken down during processes that keep organisms alive. These processes together are called metabolism. ■ ■ Creating molecules = helps organisms grow, heal, maintain Breaking down molecules = release ATP energy Polymer vs. Monomer ○ ○ Polymer - a molecule composed of many smaller units (poly = many) Monomer - the smaller unit contained in a polymer (mono = one) Monomer Polymer Carbohydrates ■ ■ Carbohydrates (sugars): used by organisms as quick energy or “fuel” Sugars can be short & simple or long & complex (also called starches) ○ -ose means that something is a type of sugar. Examples: Glucose, Lactose, Fructose Carbohydrates ■ Simple sugars are the monomers that make complex starches Contain Simple Sugars Contain Starches Potatoes Pasta Bread Which 3 elements make up carbohydrates? ____, ____, ____ Lipids ■ ■ ■ Lipids: fats, oils and waxes Functions: long-term energy storage, cell membranes, cushioning, waterproofing and warmth. Lipids are made of fatty acids, which might be saturated (bad fat) or unsaturated (better fat) Lipids Things that contain lipids Cooking Oils Butter Candles Fatty Acids Which 3 elements make up lipids? ____, ____, ____ A typical lipid is made of three fatty acids (either saturated or unsaturated) and a glycerol. Circle the three fatty acids and the glycerol on your notes. Proteins ■ ■ ■ Proteins: carry out most of the functions of the cell and make up an organism’s traits Proteins must be put together correctly in order to work DNA provides the codes to put proteins together Proteins Same Muscle Meats Proteins ■ Proteins are polymers made of amino acids. Proteins ■ Enzymes, a type of protein, control the speed of reactions that “make” and “break” molecules. ○ ○ -ase means that something is an enzyme Example: Lactase is the enzyme that breaks down lactose, the sugar in dairy products. (Without this enzyme, you feel ill because you cannot digest the sugar!) Nucleic Acids ■ Nucleic Acids: instructions to make proteins (traits); they store genetic information about an organism. ■ Examples: DNA and RNA ○ ○ DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the “cookbook” of protein recipes for most living things on earth. Those that don’t use DNA use RNA. Your DNA is unique and only an identical twin or clone will have the same DNA as you. Nucleic Acids ■ The DNA double helix is made of nucleotides. Monomer Nucleotide Polymer DNA Review Questions Name the four biomolecules: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids ■ What are carbs used for? Quick energy ■ What are nucleic acids used for? They are the instructions to make proteins. ■ Review Questions What are the functions of lipids? Store energy long-term, make cell membranes, and keep you warm, waterproofed and cushioned. ■ What do proteins do? Make up your traits and do cell work ■ Review Questions Give an example of a food that contains protein: Meat, eggs, nuts, beans ■ Give an example of a food that would have lots of carbohydrates: Candy, bread, pasta, potatoes ■ Review Questions ■ Give an example of a food where you would find a lot of carbohydrates. ○ ■ Candy, bread, pasta, potatoes Give an example of food with a lot of lipids. ○ Butter, foods fried in oil