Download Test_Prep_Middle_Grades Day 4

53. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
How it works:
1. Pollen is produced and an insect or the
wind carries pollen grains from the anther
of another flower.
2. The pollen grains land on the stigma and
a pollen tube grows down through the style
to the ovary.
3. The nucleus of the pollen grain passes
down the tube. It fertilizes the egg cell inside
the ovule.
4. The fertilized egg cell develops into an
embryo. The ovary becomes the fruit and
the ovule becomes a seed - from which (once
dispersed) the offspring plant will grow.
54. Digesting Proteins
Stomach Acid, also called gastric acid, is one of the
main secretions of the stomach. Chemically it is an
acid solution consisting mainly of hydrochloric acid.
Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino
acids.
Peptides are the family of short molecules formed from
the linking of various amino acids.
Note: Proteins are polypeptide molecules. The distinction is that
peptides are short and proteins are long.
Protein is broken down into peptides by hydrochloric
acid in the stomach and then into amino acids by
digestive enzymes in the small intestine that are used
by the body.
55. The Endocrine System
56. Animal Behavior
Instinctive behavior: inherited patterns of behavioral responses or
reactions to certain kinds of stimuli (Ex. A spider spins a web.) Also
called a Fixed Action Behavior.
Learned behavior: insight learning is the ability to problem solve or to
perform a correct or appropriate behavior the first time an animal is
exposed to a situation (Ex. A chimpanzee stacks boxes to obtain a food
object hung out of its reach.)
Social behavior: behavior directed towards, or taking place between,
members of the same species (Ex. Bottle-nose dolphins establish and
maintain dominance by biting, chasing, jaw-clapping, and smacking their
tails on the water.)
Territorial behavior: anti-social tendencies in animals where territories
are fixed and fiercely defended (Ex. Male Red-winged Blackbirds
establish and defend territories with clearly delineated boundaries during
the breeding season.)
57. The Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes
the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing
compounds in nature.
58. Hydrogen Fuel Cells
A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. A
fuel cell converts the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into
water, and in the process it produces electricity.
Chemistry of a Fuel Cell
Anode side:
2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-
Cathode side:
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O
Net reaction:
2H2 + O2 => 2H2O
59. Biome Association
Deciduous plant life: normally leafy
plants that shed their foliage at the end
of the growing season
Karst topography: a three-dimensional
landscape shaped by the dissolution of
soluble layers of carbonate rock such as
limestone or dolomite
Shade-tolerant plant life: plants that
thrive in the shade or only partial sun
Wind erosion: the gradual wearing
away and transportation of rock and
soil by physical breakdown due to wind
60. Natural Ponds
Blue-green algae: a kind of bacteria
(cyanobacteria) that obtain energy
through photosynthesis; can grow in
colonies or sheets in fresh water and
produce bad odors
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: a kind of bacteria
associated with plants that combine free
nitrogen of the air with other gases
Yeast: single-celled fungi that are
normal inhabitants of soil, vegetation,
marine and other wet environments
Bracket fungi: a grouping of individual
mushroom caps that lie in a close planar
grouping
61. Regulating Body Temperature
Homeostasis is the ability of a system to regulate its internal
environment to maintain a stable, constant condition, by
means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments,
controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms.
Increased perspiration and
breathing rates help to
cool the body and regulate
temperature.
62. Biological Diversity
Ecological succession is the change in the types species of an
ecological community observed over time. The biological
diversity in a given area is affected by ecological succession.
Seasonal fires can help
control the growth of
forest communities in
grassland areas, such
as the Everglades in
Florida, maintaining
the biodiversity of
natural ecosystems.
63. Living Subjects
The 2008 Florida Statutes / Title XLVIII
K-20 EDUCATION CODE / Chapter 1003
PUBLIC K-12 EDUCATION
1003.47 Biological experiments on living subjects states…
“Nonmammalian vertebrates, excluding birds, may be used
in biological experiments, provided that physiological harm
does not result from such experiments.”
64. Materials Management
Have a plan for
managing time
and materials in
your classroom!
65. Meters
A galvanometer is a meter used for
measuring electric current.
A multimeter is an electronic measuring
instrument that combines several functions
in one unit. The most basic include an
ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter.
An odometer is a meter designed to
measure distance traveled.
An ohmmeter is a meter designed to
measure electric resistance in ohms.
66. Eye Protection
The 2008 Florida Statutes / Title XLVIII
K-20 EDUCATION CODE / Chapter 1006
SUPPORT FOR LEARNING
1006.063 Eye-protective devices required in certain
laboratory courses…
“Eye-protective devices shall be worn by students, teachers,
and visitors in courses including, but not limited to,
chemistry, physics, or chemical-physical laboratories, at any
time at which the individual is engaged in or observing an
activity or the use of hazardous substances likely to cause
injury to the eyes.”
67. Calculating Density
Density tells us how much matter fills a
unit of volume for a given substance.
Density = Mass ÷ Volume
To find density of a given object you
need to know the object’s mass and the
object’s volume.
Mass can be measured on a scale or
balance.
Volume can be measured by water
displacement in a beaker, graduated
cylinder, or other volume instrument.
68. Scientific Processes
Collecting Data: collecting pieces of
information for future organization
and interpretation
Organizing Data: after collecting pieces
of information, data may be organized
into graphs, charts, etc. for
interpretation
Forming Hypotheses: the formation of
a suggested explanation of a scientific
phenomenon or reasoned proposal
suggesting a possible correlation
between phenomena
Controlling Variables: making sure
factors that may influence the results
of an experiment remain constant
69. Variables
Independent Variable: the variable which is manipulated or
selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to
an observed phenomenon
Dependent Variable: the observed phenomenon
The experimenter should limit
the number of variables being
tested to one kind of material.
Different detergents may not
yield the same results on
different materials!
70. Shocking Scientists
Alessandro Volta: an Italian physicist
known especially for the development
of the electric battery in 1800
James Watt: a Scottish instrument maker
whose improvements on the steam engine
helped advance the Industrial Revolution
Georg Ohm: developed the law for the
proportionality of current and voltage
in a resistor --> I = V ÷ R
(current = voltage ÷ resistance)
Andre-Marie Ampere: a French physicist
who is generally credited as one of the main
discoverers of electromagnetism
71. Reactants and Products
The reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute
hydrochloric acid:
2HCl + calcium carbonate --> calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) --> CaCl2(aq)
+
CO2(g) + H2O
The rate of this reaction can be measured by following the
rate at which carbon dioxide is formed. This can be done by
conducting the reaction in an open flask on an electric
balance (weighing machine). As the carbon dioxide escapes to
the air, the mass of the flask will decrease.
72. Science as Inquiry
Structured Inquiry: The teacher gives students a problem
to investigate along with the method and materials, but not
expected outcomes. Students must decide which data to
collect and interpret to discover scientific relationships.
Guided Inquiry: The teacher gives students a problem to
investigate along with the materials, but not the method or
expected outcomes. Students must design the experiment
and figure out which data to collect and interpret to
discover scientific relationships.
Open Inquiry: The students figure out everything. They
determine questions for investigation, procedures to
follow, collect and interpret data to discover scientific
relationships.
Verification Activity: The students are given everything.
Often called a “cookbook” activity because students know
the steps and the suspected outcome before starting the
experience.