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Biochemistry Chapter 3 Miss Colabelli Carbon Organic compounds Mostly carbon atoms Inorganic compounds Do not contain carbon Carbon 4 valence electrons Make 4 bonds with itself or other atoms Can make single, double, or triple bonds Functional Groups Cluster of atoms that influence the characteristics of molecules Carbon Molecules Monomer Simplest molecule Mono = one Polymer Molecule that consists of 2 or more units Poly = many Chemical Reactions Condensation Reaction When a monomer is added to a polymer ONE water molecule is released One monomer loses an H+ and the other loses an OH Together they make H2O Chemical Reactions Hydrolysis Hydro = water Lysis = to break To break down a polymer, a molecule of water is added Energy ATP Adenosine triphosphate The name of the energy used in our bodies Sugar and nitrogen based molecule with 3 phosphate groups attached The third phosphate group is very unstable and when bond is broken from the ATP molecule it releases a great amount of energy Carbohydrates Compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Monomer = monosaccharide 2 monomers = disaccharide Polymer = polysaccharide Found in sugars and breads of common foods Monosaccharide Glucose Fructose Galactose These monosaccahrides bond together to make different types of sugars Disaccharide Two monosaccharides bonded together Ex: glucose + fructose = sucrose http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/lacto se-digestion-infants Polysaccharide 3 or more monosaccharides bonded together More complex molecule Polysaccharide in humans = glycogen Plants have two polysaccharides Storage = starch Structure = cellulose (found in cell walls) Protein Protein Macromolecules with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Monomer: amino acid Polymer: polypeptide Proteins Monomer = amino acid 2 monomers = dipeptide 3+ monomers = polypeptide Bond to make peptides = peptide bond Amino Acids Each amino acid has three main groups Amino group Carboxyl group R group (changes) Change the formation and properties of the amino acid Amino Acid Glycine R group The R group makes each amino acid different There are 20 possible amino acids based off this one group The R group is = variable Bonding of Amino Acids Peptide bond = covalent bond Dehydration synthesis process For every peptide bond, one molecule of water is formed Peptide Bonds Strong covalent bonds Lose 1 molecule of water for every bond made Also known as dehydration synthesis or condensation synthesis Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=va0D NJId_CM Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cE4rv bU968M&feature=related Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysPt1l Illcs&feature=related Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a 8yUYQ Fold it! Help scientists figure out protein folding This game is open to the public The first hundred puzzles are known proteins But many proteins are not decoded and scientists are asking for our help to figure them out http://fold.it/ Enzymes Proteins are in our bodies everywhere! Enzyme is a type of protein that is a catalyst Catalyst starts a reaction Produce proteins Enzymes Each enzyme has an area known as the active site Where a specific molecule binds and a reaction occurs The molecule binding is called a substrate Enzyme conditions Enzymes work at a specific conditions Temperature pH Salinity Causes enzyme to change shape and lose its function http://www.sumanasinc.com/webconten t/animations/content/proteinstructure.ht ml Lipids Large non-polar organic molecule Does not dissolve in water High ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms Four types of lipids Triglycerides (fat) Phospholipids Waxes Steroids Triglycerides Triglycerides Saturated Have no double bonds in their fatty acid chains Straight Fat chain Usually animal fats Solid at room temperature Triglycerides Unsaturated Have at least one double bond in their fatty acid chain Forms Fat a kink in the chain Usually oils and from plants Liquid at room temperature Phospholipid Phospholipid Found in all our cells Makes up the cell membrane 2 layers of phospholipids lipid bilayer Phospholipid Bilayer Wax One fatty acid chain to a glycerol Waterproof Create protective layer in animals and plants Steroids - hormones Steroids Four carbon rings linked together Usually our hormones Ex: Cholesterol is found in our cell membranes http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesi ty/obesity_molecular/01.html http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID= AP13204 Nucleic Acids Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Nucleic Acids Monomer = nucleotide 5 carbon sugar Phosphorous group Nitrogenous base Properties Store genetic information Two kinds of nucleic acids DNA RNA
