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Semester 1 review parietal Frontal Zygomatic Bone Occipital Nasal Bones Parietal Frontal Nasal Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid Lacrimal maxilla Temporal Bone Mandible Vomer Nasal Zygomatic Maxilla mandible Frontal Parietal Bone temporal Lacrimal Sphenoid Ethmoid Frontal maxilla Zygomatic Palatine Vomer Sphenoid Temporal occipital What bone is this? Occipital What bone is this? Parietal What bone is this? Frontal What bone is this? Frontal What bone is this? temporal What bone is this? Temporal What bone is this? sphenoid What bone is this? ethmoid What bone is this? maxilla What bone is this? mandible What bone is this? hyoid What bones are these? Sacrum And coccyx manubrium body sternum Xiphoid process Name the bone clavicle • Name the bone scapula What bone is this? humerus ulna radius Ulna Radius scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate phalanges metacarpals • scaphoid • lunate • triquetrum • pisiform • trapezium • trapezoid • capitate • hamate Illium Ischium Pubis Illium Pubis Ischium Ischium Pubis Illium Femur patella Tibia Fibula Tibia Fibula Talus Calcaneus Navicular Medial Cuneiform Intermediate Cuneiform Lateral Cuneiform Cuboid Metatarsals Phalanges Anatomy • Means “cutting open” • The study of the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships with one another Physiology • The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions Microscopic Anatomy • Cytology- the study of the internal structure and organization of cells • Histology- the study of tissues (groups of specialized cells Levels of Organization • • • • • • • 1. Molecular level (atoms) 2. Cells 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism Look at page 9 in your book Anatomical Position The correct anatomical position is facing forward with the palms also facing forward Directional Terms • • • • • • • • • Anterior/ventral- the front Posterior/dorsal- the back Cranial- the head Caudal- the tail Superior- above Inferior- below Medial- towards the longitudinal axis (center line) Lateral- Away from the longitudinal axis Proximal- toward and attached base Directional Terms Cont. • Distal- away from an attached base • Superficial- at, near, or close to the surface • Deep- farther from the body surface Sectional Planes • Transverse- horizontal sections, separates into superior and inferior • Sagittal- separates into right and left portions • Frontal- separates into anterior and posterior portions • The organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes, it modifies sorts and packages molecules the cell makes for export • Golgi Body (apparatus) • Storage place for food, wastes, enzymes • Vacuole • Contains genetic information and controls the cell’s activity • Nucleus • Membrane system which modifies and transports molecules made on its attached ribosomes • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Phospholipid and protein bilayer that surrounds all cells and controls which molecules enter or leave the cell • Cell membrane • Sac of digestive enzymes that breaks down food or unwanted cell parts • lysosome • Membrane that surrounds the genetic material and controls what enters and leaves the nucleus • Nuclear envelope • Dark spot in the nucleus of non-dividing cell where RNA for ribosomes is made • nucleolus • Network of microtubules and microfilaments that give the cell shape and support and help in movement • cytoskeleton • Many short hairlike structures made of microtubules that are attached to the outside of cells • cilia • Small structures free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER • ribosomes • Gel like material which contains organelles found between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane • cytoplasm • Network of membranes without attached ribosomes • Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum • Small internal structure within the cell that carries out a specific job • organelle • What are the 2 classes of nucleic acids? • DNA and RNA • What does DNA stand for • Deoxyribonucleic acid • What does RNA stand for • Ribonucleic acid • • • • What is different between RNA and DNA? DNA uses deoxyribose in stead of Ribose DNA has Thymine instead of Uracil DNA is double Stranded instead of single stranded • What type of bond can be found between nitrogen bases in DNA? • Hydrogen bonds • What does A bind with in RNA? • U • What does C bind with? • G • In DNA what does T bind with? • A • • • • What are the 3 types of RNA? Messenger Transfer Ribosomal • • • • What 3 components make up a nucleotide? Nitrogen base 5 carbon sugar phosphate • Which bases are Purines? (Double-ringed) • Adenine • Guanine • Which nitrogen bases are Pyrimidines? (single rings) • Cytosine • Thymine • Uracil • Which parts of the nucleotides make up the backbone of DNA/RNA? • Sugars and phosphates • Which part of the nucleotide makes up the “rungs” of the DNA ladder? • Nitrogen base • Nucleic acids are built from • nucleotides • What type of RNA combines with proteins to make ribosomes? • ribosomal • What type of RNA matches its anticodon to the codon on the mRNA? • transfer • What type of RNA carries the code from nucleus to the cytoplasm? • Messenger • What tells RNA polymerase where to start? • The promoter • What must happen to the mRNA before it can leave the nucleus? • It must be edited • What is the part of the mRNA that is cut out? • intron • What part of the mRNA is coded for? • exon • An mRNA message grouped in 3’s • Codon • What does the mRNA attach to in the cytoplasm? • Ribosome • What does the tRNA bring to the mRNA? • An amino acid • Amino acids have what type of bonds between them? • peptide • Another name for a protein chain • Polypeptide • Where does translation happen? • cytoplasm • Which phase in the cell cycle do cells spend the most time? • interphase • What is the first stage of mitosis? • Prophase • Which phase do chromosomes line up in the center of the cell? • Metaphase • Which phase do chromosomes coil, astrid rays appear and the nuclear envelope disappear? • Prophase • Which phase do the chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell? • Anaphase • Which part of the cell cycle divides the cytoplasm? • cytokinesis • Which phase do chromosomes unwind and the nuclear membrane reforms? • Telophase • Be able to identify the parts of the cell • Be able to identify the stages of mitosis
