Download Protein - Duplin County Schools

Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
Monomers and Polymers
ONE train car represents a
Monomer (one UNIT)
Entire TRAIN made up of many MONOMERS
is called a POLYMER (MANY units)
Monomers of Macromolecules
• Carbohydrate – Monosaccharide
(glucose)
• Proteins – Amino Acids
• Lipids – 3 Fatty Acids and 1 Glycerol
• Nucleic Acids –Nucleotide (
Phosphate,
Nitrogen base, Deoxyribose or sugar)
Where is energy stored in a
molecule?
How is this chemical energy released
when the body needs it?
ENZYME!!!!
ENZYME!!!!
(Protein)
Where are macromolecules in
our bodies?
(Lipid)
(Protein)
(HemoglobinProtein)
(Fuel – glucose)
(Lipid)
All Cells basically
Protein)
Carbohydrates (Come from Plants)
Carbohydrates (C,H,O)
Monosaccharides (simple sugars; monomers)
(one)
(sugar)
1. Glucose: C6H12O6 - (blood sugar, dextrose)
2. Fructose: C6H12O6 - (sugar in fruits, honey)
3. Galactose: C6H12O6 - (sugar in all green leafy plants)
Isomers (C6H12O6)
1.
Molecules with the SAME ________ but different ________
therefore different functions.
Simple Carbohydrates
• Simple carbohydrates are broken down quickly by the body to
be used as energy.
• Simple carbohydrates are found naturally in foods such as fruits,
milk, and milk products.
• They are also found in processed and refined sugars such as candy,
table sugar, syrups, and soft drinks.
• The majority of carbohydrate intake should come from complex
carbohydrates (starches) and naturally occurring sugars rather
than processed or refined sugars.
Glucose
Sugars!
from a plant.
Anything that comes
Glucose Facts
• Glucose is your main energy
normally used by the brain.
source and only fuel
Glucose travels through the body in the blood stream and is often
called blood sugar.
Energy for Cells
C6H12O6
The monosaccharide glucose is the principal energy source for humans and
other vertebrates.
In the hospital a patient receives intravenous feeding of glucose commonly
called "drip" dissolved in a salt solution, the ionic composition of which is
approximately similar to those of body fluids.
Energy for cells
Glucose
Indicator for Glucose
Fructose
Fruit Sugar
Galactose
Plant
Sugar
Disaccharides (two sugars)
1. Glucose + glucose  maltose (brewing beer)
2. Glucose + fructose  sucrose (cane sugar)
3. Glucose + galactose  lactose (milk sugar)
Polysaccharides (long chains of many
sugar monomers) - these sugar polymers are
not "sweet" although they are made up by
repeating glucose monomers!
Disaccharide
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
(monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide)
3 Disaccharides
Maltose
Malt Sugar
Sucrose
Sugar Cane Sugar
Lactose
Milk Sugar, from hay!
Polysaccharides (sugar)
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Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Chitin
Amylose
Polysaccharides
(thousands of glucose molecules)
Starch
Seeds must store Starch
for plant embryo
Starch Indicator
Chitin
Glycogen
Storage
Glycogen is stored carbohydrates found in
high levels in the liver and muscle.
Glycogen is excess glucose.
Cellulose
Cellulose
FIBER
FIBER
Structural Support (in PLANTS)
Plant stems, composed of vascular bundles
(Xylem and Phloem) and rigid stiff cell walls
cellulose
made up of
, provided
structural support for plants.
Functions of Carbohydrates
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Fuel for the cells (glucose)
Stored energy in plants (starch)
Stored energy in muscles and liver (glycogen)
Makes up cell wall in plant cells (cellulose)
Makes up exoskeleton of arthropods (chitin)
Makes fruit and vegetables sweet to the taste.
(fructose, sucrose, ect.)
Fill in your Charts
Macromolecule
Element Monomer
Carbohydrates
MonoC,H, O, Saccharide
(glucose)
Sugar, any part of Energy for living things.
a plant.
Fuel of the cells!
Blood sugar, fruit sugar,
Green plant sugar

Maltose, sucrose
Lactose
Brewing sugar, cane
Sugar (sweeter for food),
Milk sugar

Starch, chitin,
glycogen, cellulose Sugar stored in plants,
Exoskelton of arthropod,
Sugar stored in animals,
Makes up cell walls in
Plant cells (support)



Polysaccharide
(many sugars)
Functions
Glucose, fructose
Galactose
Monosaccharide
(1 sugars)

Disaccharide
(2 sugars)
Examples
Problems associated with
Carbohydrates
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Diabetes
Low blood sugar
High blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
Depression (carbs are natural downers)
Obesity
Heart problems
Damage to teeth and gums
Poor eye sight
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High Blood Pressure
Accelerated aging
Scalp infections (hair loss)
Weakened Immune System
Encouraging growth of “bad bacteria”
Cancer
Fatigue (sleepiness)
Brain fog (poor memory)
Intestinal bloating and gas
Low Blood Sugar
High Blood Glucose
Gestational Diabetes
How to maintain Homeostasis if a diabetic!
Galactosemic
Lactose Intolerance
• Many people who have gas, belly pain, bloating, and
diarrhea suspect they may be lactose-intolerant. The
best way to check this is to avoid eating all milk and
dairy products to see if your symptoms go away
Processed Carbohydrates
(Refined Grain)
• The process of refining wheat involves the removal of the starchy
endosperm away from the bran and germ, which also strips away
the portions of vitamins & minerals essential for health.
•
The vitamins & minerals stripped
away include:
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60% of the calcium
85 % of the magnesium
77% of the potassium
78% of the zinc
68% of the copper
76% of the iron
86 % of the manganese
40% of the chromium
48 % of the molybdenum
Nutrients including chromium, magnesium & zinc are vital in assisting the
body to properly use carbohydrates including grains for fuel.
Lipids
Monomers of Lipids
Lipids
Functions of Lipids
Examples of Lipids
Saturated Fats
Summary of Saturated and
Unsaturated Fats
Hormones that are Lipids
Lipid Hormones
Lipids in Membranes
Cholesterol (lipid)
Problems with to much FAT
Some Lipids (fat) can be a
problem
Proteins
Protein
Protein Functions
Structures of Proteins
Indicator for Protein
Macromolecule Indicators
Hemoglobin (Protein)
Chain of
Amino Acids
Makes
A Protein.
Hemoglobin
carries O2
in the blood
to all cells
in the
Body.
Enzymes
Enzymes (purple) act as Catalyst to
speed up chemical reactions.
Protein Toxins
Snake Venom
Defensive Protein
• Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are large Yshaped proteins which function to identify and help
remove foreign antigens or targets such as viruses and
bacteria. Every different antibody recognizes a specific
foreign antigen.
Transport Proteins
Structural Support (in animals)
Extracellular matrix is
something that cells make and
spit outside of the cell to provide
protection, strength, structure,
and other functions to the animal
or plant cells.
Extracellular matrix is not
Cytoskeleton
(Protein)
made up of cells; it is made by
cells (usually in the Golgi and ER)
and shipped outside the cell via
exocytosis.
Protein
Examples of Protein: Hair, feathers, wool, fur, claws, horns, fingernails,
Hoofs, toenails, keratin.
Silk (Protein)
Production of Insulin
Biotechnology
Application
Of using transgenic
Bacteria (recombinant DNA)
To make a very needed
Protein (human insulin)
Normal Insulin Production
Nucleic Acids
Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide