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Chemistry of Cells What our bodies are made of Nature of Matter • All matter is made of atoms. Atoms consist of electrons, protons and neutrons. • Molecules are groups of atoms linked by covalent bonds • Hydrogen bonding occurs between polar molecules • An ion is a charged atom or molecule. Ions of opposite charge may form an ionic bond Chemistry of Cells • Organic Compounds are compounds containing carbon • Organic compounds include – – – – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Chemistry of Cells • Carbohydrates, such as glucose, are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in cells. Chemistry of Cells • Lipids are non-polar molecules that store energy and are an important part of cell membranes Proteins • Proteins are chains of amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines the protein’s shape and specific function Chemistry of Cells • Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary information • DNA and RNA are the two main types of nucleic acid Chemistry of Cells • Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids • ATP is the main energy currency of cells • The structure of ATP is similar to that of nucleotides Energy & Chemical Reactions • Chemical reactions absorb or release energy • The energy required to start a reaction is called the activation energy Energy & Chemical Reactions • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy of the reactions Energy & Chemical Reactions • Each enzyme binds only specific molecules • The molecule(s) that an enzyme binds to is/are called that enzyme’s substrate Energy & Chemical Reactions • Factors such as temperature and acidity affect enzyme activity • Our body has to maintain homeostasis so that our enzymes function properly