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CLASSIFICATION Organization of things/organisms into related groups based on similarities Taxonomy • Branch of Biology concerned with… • Grouping and naming of organisms according to characteristics and evolutionary history HISTORY-ARISTOTLE • First to classify organisms • Greek Philosopher • 350 B.C. Aristotle’s Classification Plants BY SIZE • Trees • Shrubs • Herbs Animals BY HABITAT o Water o Land o Air Carolus Linnaeus 1700’s • Swedish botanist • Parents wanted him to be a priest like father • Studied medicine and many other things • Noted for being instrumental in classifying organisms Linnaeus and Classification • Used morphology (form and structure) to group Ex- flowering plant’s reproductive systems – asexual or sexual reproduction • 2 groups - plants and animals • Used Scientific Names ( Latin) • Binomial Nomenclature: 2 name naming system • Genus and species Why Latin? • Language of educated in his day • Still use it because no longer spoken language so it will never change • No slang words • Universal understanding What is it? Cougar, Puma, Panther, Mountain Lion, Catamount Common Name -Common Name -confusing/misleading Ex. Polecat -doesn’t show relationships -more than one name Scientific Name Latin Standard name -show relationships Ex: Felis concolor Italics or underline Genus capitalized Puma concolor Why Classify? • 1. Shows relationships between living and once living things • 2. Brings order to diversity • 3. Explains evolutionary patterns • 4. Gives organisms specific names • 5. Provides means to identify unknown organisms Classification Categories (taxa) 7 levels of organization • Each one is smaller than the previous one (fewer types of organisms) Kingdom Phylum Class OrderFamily Genus Species-single organism that can reproduce with one another Varieties -subset of species - peaches, nectarines Subvarieties-variation of a species in diff geographic areas Human Taxa • • • • • • • Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species animalia chordata mammalia primate hominidae Homo sapiens Use of Evolution to determine Relationships • Check it out!! Phylogenic Trees • Shows evolutionary history of species • Determined by shared characteristics: structures: larval forms and embryos biochemistry: # amino acids in common behavior patterns: habitats and mating calls cell organization: prokaryote/eukaryote Problems with classifying • • • • Many organisms have similar structure Isolation may make organisms unique New discoveries made constantly Organisms may fit into more than one category • Man-made system (human error) Linking organisms together • The more categories in common the closer the relationships 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plants Animals Key Terms • Prokaryote- unicellular, without membrane bound organelles, no true nucleus • Eukaryote-organism with membrane bound organelles • Autotroph-organism capable of making organic nutrients directly from inorganic • Hetertroph- organism that gets energy from other sources other than itself Monerans ( 5 kingdom system) Archaebacteria ( in 6 kingdom) Eubacteria ( in 6 kingdom) Archaebacteria • Unicellular, prokaryote, anaerobic, and aerobic • Adapted to extreme environments (temp, acidity, salinity) • Binary fission • Some autotrophic (chemosynthesis) Eubacteria • Unicellular, prokaryotes, anaerobic and aerobic • Binary fission • Heterotrophs , some photosynthetic or chemosynthetic • Cell walls (different from plants) • Bacteria and blue green bacteria Protista • Eukaryotes (membrane bound organelles) • Single celled and multicellular • Plant-like, fungus-like, animal-like • Lack specialized tissue • Live in moist areas • Autotrophic and heterotrophic • Some with cell walls • Sexual and asexual reproduction • Ex: amoeba, paramecium, euglena algae Fungus • Heterotrophic, unicellular (yeast) and multicellular eukaryotes • Absorbs nutrients-dead matter • Cell wall chitin • Sexual/asexual reproduction • Mostly terrestrial • Ex: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, mildew, mold Plantae • Multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotic • Mostly terrestrial • Specialized tissues and organs • Cell walls of cellulose • Chlorophyll in chloroplasts • Alternation of generations between diploid and haploid • Ex: moss, ferns, conifers, flowering plants Animalia • Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes • Specialized tissues, some have organs and organ systems • Nutrition by ingestion • Sexual reproduction based on meiosis • No cell walls or chloroplasts • Sensory structures or organs • Muscle systems for movement • Aquatic or terrestrial