Download DNA RNA PROTEIN

DNA
RNA
EOC REVIEW
PROTEIN
DNA
• What 2 components
make up the DNA
backbone?
• What 3 components
make up a nucleotide?
• What are the rungs of
the ladder?
DNA
• What 2 components
make up the DNA
backbone? (Sugar/
Phosphate)
• What 3 components
make up a nucleotide?
(Sugar, Phosphate, 1 N
Base)
• What are the rungs of
the ladder? (Nitrogen
base pairs w/
Hydrogen bonds)
Base Pairing
• A–T
• G–C
• Write the complementary strand for this sequence.
– CGC TTA ATG CGA TGA
Base Pairing
• A–T
• G–C
• Write the complementary strand for this sequence.
– CGC TTA ATG CGA TGA
– GCG AAT TAC GCT ACT
Question
• Suppose a section of DNA has a total of 100
nucleotides in both strands. Of these, 20 have
adenine bases. How many of those 100
nucleotides have the following:
– Thymine (T) bases:
– Cytosine (C) bases:
– Guanine (G) bases:
Question
• Suppose a section of DNA has a total of 100
nucleotides in both strands. Of these, 20 have
adenine bases. How many of those 100
nucleotides have the following:
– Thymine (T) bases:
*Since there’s 20 A, there must be 20- T
Then 100-20 (A)- 20 (T) = 60 bases left
– Cytosine (C) bases: has to be 30
– Guanine (G) bases: has to be 30
Replication
• Describe where each
strand of DNA from parent
molecule ends up.
• What is the main enzyme
involved in this process?
Replication
• Describe where each strand of
DNA from parent molecule
ends up.
one original/ parent strand is
part of each new strand
• What is the main enzyme
involved in this process?
• DNA polymerase
Gene Expression
• Put the symbols in the correct order:
REPLICATION
Gene Expression
• Put the symbols in the correct order:
DNA
REPLICATION
PROTEIN
RNA
Transcription
•
•
•
•
RNA polymerase converts DNA to mRNA
A-U
G-C
Convert the following DNA strand to RNA
– CGA AAA TGC ATT
Transcription
•
•
•
•
RNA polymerase converts DNA to mRNA
A-U
G-C
Convert the following DNA strand to RNA
– CGA AAA TGC ATT
– GCU UUU ACG UAA
Translation
• mRNA encoded into amino acids
Mutations
• Mutations: mistakes in DNA replication
• Point mutations
– Substitution
– Deletion
– Insertion
• Chromosomal mutations
– Inversions
– Translocations
Mutation Examples
SUBSTITUTION
JEN PET THE WET DOG
Sub first E for A
JAN PET THE WET DOG
INSERTION
Insert Z in first word
JZE NPE TTH EWE TDO
Which is worse for the cell, a substitution or
insertion?
Mutation Examples
SUBSTITUTION
JEN PET THE WET DOG
Sub first E for A
JAN PET THE WET DOG
INSERTION
Insert Z in first word
JZE NPE TTH EWE TDO
Which is worse for the cell, a substitution or insertion?
An insertion affects every letter/ pair past the
mutation; a base substitution only affects one pair
Mutation Examples
INVERSIONS
JEN PET THE WET DOG
Flip “THE WET” and put it back in
JEN PET TEW EHT DOG
TRANSLOCATION
JEN PET THE WET DOG
DAN RAN ALL DAY
JEN / PET THE WET DOG DAN RAN / ALL DAY
JEN / ALL DAY DAN RAN / PET THE WET DOG
Causes and Effects of Mutations
• Cause:
– Radiation
– Chemicals
– Excessive heat
• Effects:
– Somatic cells: only affects organism
– Gametic cells: can be passed to offspring
– Some are actually beneficial
– Important source of variation
Practice Questions
1. DNA molecules must unwind and then separate
for replication and expression. Which of these
happens when the DNA molecule comes apart?
a. The weak bonds within the sugar-phosphate
backbone are broken.
b. The strong bonds within the sugar-phosphate
backbone are broken.
c. The weak bonds between the nitrogenous base
pairs are broken.
d. The strong bonds between the nitrogenous base
pairs are broken.
Practice Questions
1. DNA molecules must unwind and then separate
for replication and expression. Which of these
happens when the DNA molecule comes apart?
a. The weak bonds within the sugar-phosphate
backbone are broken.
b. The strong bonds within the sugar-phosphate
backbone are broken.
c. The weak bonds between the nitrogenous base
pairs are broken.
d. The strong bonds between the nitrogenous base
pairs are broken.
Practice Questions
2. When the genes encoded in deoxyribonucleic
acid are expressed, what type of molecule is
produced?
a. DNA
b. carbohydrate
c. phospholipid
d. protein
Practice Questions
2. When the genes encoded in deoxyribonucleic
acid are expressed, what type of molecule is
produced?
a. DNA
b. carbohydrate
c. phospholipid
d. protein
Practice Questions
3. Which of the following gives the most accurate
description of the gene expression process?
a. DNA  tRNA  mRNA  amino acid 
protein
b. DNA  anticodon  codon  tRNA  amino
acid
c. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  amino acid 
protein
d. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  codon  amino
acid
Practice Questions
3. Which of the following gives the most accurate
description of the gene expression process?
a. DNA  tRNA  mRNA  amino acid 
protein
b. DNA  anticodon  codon  tRNA  amino
acid
c. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  amino acid 
protein
d. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  codon  amino
acid
Practice Questions
4. A double-stranded segment of DNA is 50
nucleotides long along each strand. Thirty of
the bases are adenine. How many of the bases
are cytosine?
a. 20
b. 30
c. 50
d. 80
Practice Questions
4. A double-stranded segment of DNA is 50
nucleotides long along each strand. Thirty of
the bases are adenine. How many of the bases
are cytosine?
a. 20
b. 30
c. 50
d. 80
Practice Questions
5. Suppose that a point mutation inserts a thymine base
into a DNA strand as shown blow.
T
TAA GGT ACG CAT
Which represents the DNA strand that is complementary
to the first 12 bases of the mutated strand?
a. ATT CCA TAG CGT
b. AUU CCA UAG CGU
c. ATT CCA TGC GTA
d AUU CCA UGC GUA
Practice Questions
5. Suppose that a point mutation inserts a thymine base
into a DNA strand as shown blow.
T
TAA GGT ACG CAT
Which represents the DNA strand that is complementary
to the first 12 bases of the mutated strand?
a. ATT CCA TAG CGT
b. AUU CCA UAG CGU
c. ATT CCA TGC GTA
d AUU CCA UGC GUA
Answers To The Questions
Follow!!
Practice Questions
1. DNA molecules must unwind and then separate
for replication and expression. Which of these
happens when the DNA molecule comes apart?
a. The weak bonds within the sugar-phosphate
backbone are broken.
b. The strong bonds within the sugar-phosphate
backbone are broken.
c. The weak bonds between the nitrogenous base
pairs are broken.
d. The strong bonds between the nitrogenous base
pairs are broken.
Practice Questions
2. When the genes encoded in deoxyribonucleic
acid are expressed, what type of molecule is
produced?
a. DNA
b. carbohydrate
c. phospholipid
d. protein
Practice Questions
3. Which of the following gives the most accurate
description of the gene expression process?
a. DNA  tRNA  mRNA  amino acid 
protein
b. DNA  anticodon  codon  tRNA  amino
acid
c. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  amino acid 
protein
d. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  codon  amino
acid
Practice Questions
4. A double-stranded segment of DNA is 50
nucleotides long along each strand. Thirty of
the bases are adenine. How many of the bases
are cytosine?
a. 20
b. 30
c. 50
d. 80
Practice Questions
5. Suppose that a point mutation inserts a thymine base
into a DNA strand as shown blow.
T
TAA GGT ACG CAT
Which represents the DNA strand that is complementary
to the first 12 bases of the mutated strand?
a. ATT CCA TAG CGT
b. AUU CCA UAG CGU
c. ATT CCA TGC GTA
d AUU CCA UGC GUA