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Chapter 3 Biogeochemical Cycles Matter cycles through the biosphere • Biosphere- The combination of all ecosystems on Earth. • Biogeochemical cycles- The movement of matter within and between ecosystems involving biological, geologic and chemical processes. Biogeochemical Cycles C H N O P S + Ca, Mg, K Biogeochemical Cycles C - carbon H – hydrogen (builds water for solubility, provides the ability to transfer water) N - nitrogen O – oxygen (builds water, important in cellular respiration) P - phosphorus S - sulfur + Ca, Mg, K The Hydrologic Cycle • The movement of water through the biosphere. • What is the driving “force”? The Hydrologic Cycle • Transpiration- The process where plants release water from their leaves into the atmosphere. • Evapotranspiration- The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration. • Runoff- When water moves across the land surface into streams and rivers, eventually reaching the ocean. The Carbon Cycle The Carbon Cycle Why do we need: good at chemical bonding and building organic Where stored: mostly as gas in our atmosphere **ocean is known as a carbon sink **fossil fuels are also seen as sequestered carbon…why? Human impact: burning fossil fuels, deforestation, soil degradation The Nitrogen Cycle Fix NAAD ANPAN Process Product Fix Nitrogen Ammonia Nitrification Nitrates Assimilation Proteins Ammonification Ammonia Denitrification Nitrogen The Nitrogen Cycle Why do we need: building block of amino acids, builds proteins, part of DNA and RNA Where stored: mostly in the atmosphere, not usable until the N has been fixed Human impact: burning fossil fuels and adds NOx to our atmosphere, used as fertilizers, **we are adding N to nature at rate of 1.5 times faster than the natural rate The Phosphorus Cycle The Phosphorus Cycle Why do we need: lipids, DNA, ATP Where stored: rocks (locked away), released within the rock cycle and travels through the water cycle Human impact: used as fertilizers and increases growth, used in animal feeds, used in detergents but banned in 1994(laundry soap) & 2010(dish detergents) The Sulfur Cycle Why do we need: adds structure to proteins Where stored: rocks & volcanic eruptions Human impact: burning fossil fuels causes SOx pollution, released during mining of minerals The Ca, Mg, K Cycle Why do we need: regulate cellular process, transmit signals Where stored: No gas component, dissolved in water, (K)can leach easily and slows growth of plants Human impact:
