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FINGERPRINTING
Introduction
Fingerprints are made of ridges on the
upperskin of hands and feet of all
people and some animals.
These ridges make lines of different
size and forms.
Everytime a line stops or splits it's
called a typica.
The amount of typica (with no
difference) make it as an
identification or not.
The amount of typica in many countries
is different. In Holland, we require 10
to 12 characteristic points with no
difference.
HISTORY
About 1750 years before the birth of Christ, people in
Babylon used fingerprints to sign their identity on clay
tablets.
The first time ink prints were used was in China around
the year 220. And then fingerprints became a forgotten
item.
In 1686, a man called Malpighius described friction
ridges in detail.
In the year of 1823 J.E. Purkynje discovered that
fingerprints could be classified.
1858 - Sir William Herschel in India demanded
laborers to sign contracts with fingerprints.
1877 - Sir William Herschel advised to take
fingerprints from prisoners.
1880 - Dr. Henry Faulds published in "Nature"
in England for the use of fingerprints in crime
scenes.
1882 - Gilbert Thompson used thumbprints in
the USA on cheques to avoid fraud.
1892 - Sir Francis Galton published that
fingerprints are unique and invariable in his book
“Finger Prints” . This was the basics for our
modern fingerprinting science.
1897 - Sir Edward Henry introduced the
famous Galton-Henry classification system.
1901 – 1910 - A lot of countries started using
fingerprints.
1924 - In America the Identification Division
from the FBI started.
FUNDAMENTAL RULES
There are 2 rules where science
of fingerprints is based on:
The prints do not change
during a life time. If
fingerprints do change, it is
caused by flexibility from
the skin, growing, dirty
finger, scarring, wound, or
disease of the skin.
They are unique in that
no two fingerprints are
same.
TYPES OF PRINTS
There are 7 different type of prints which
you will see on the next slide.
In every type of prints there are lots of
differences, the number of lines, their
shape or size which make every figure
different.
Human fingerprint patterns fall into 3 main
groups: whorls, loops, and arches.
Loops : 65% of all fingerprints.
Whorls: 30% of fingerprints.
Arches: 5% of fingerprints.
• Loop pattern have two focal
points: Core and Delta.
Core is center of the loop.
Delta is area of the pattern
where there is a
triangulation or dividing of
the ridges.
Whorl pattern have two or more deltas.
FINGERPRINT MATCHING
• Fingerprint matching techniques can be placed into
two categories:
minute-based techniques.
Find minute points,then map their relative
placement on the finger.
Problem: difficult to extract the minute
points when the fingerprint is at low
quality, does not concern global pattern of
ridges.
Correlation-based techniques.
overcome some of the previous problems.
Shortcoming: require the precise location of
a registration point, affected by image
translation and rotation.
Transmitting prints to an object.
The most common way is by leaving
fat from the finger on the object.
It is also possible that Amino acids
from the finger leave their marks.
A mark can be made by a substance
on the finger like blood or paint.
Making marks visible
Grease from the fingertip puts a "stamp" of the
finger on the glass.
It is possible to simply dry out. But there
always will be a small residual left, if the
object is not cleaned.
Fresh fingerprints can be detected with powder
that will stick on the grease.
Mostly used is aluminium powder.
• Piece of paper:
make it visible with a magnetic iron
powder (Useful for very fresh marks).
The powder is not magnetic but the
lifting brush is.
Ninhydrin is used for older marks. It is
a chemical that colors the Amino acids
which are left on the paper after
contact with the finger.
• metal or plastic object:
Cyano-method can be used.
A few drops of superglue, cyano-acrylate, are
heated until they vaporize.
The smoke of the cyano will attach to the
fingerprints leaving a clear white print.
It must be done in a special space under
special conditions.
Do never try this at home because it is very
poisonous !
Qur’anic evidence
Unbelievers argue regarding resurrection taking
place after bones of dead people have
disintegrated in the earth and how each individual
would be identified on the Day of Judgment.
Almighty Allah answers that He can not only
assemble our bones but can also reconstruct
perfectly our very fingertips.
“Does man think that We cannot assemble his
bones? Nay, We are able to put together in perfect
order the very tips of his fingers.”
(Al- Quran 75:3-4)
.
 Why does in the Qur’an, while speaking
about determination of the identity of
the individual, speak specifically about
fingertips?
LET US THINK ABOUT IT
….MAY ALLAH SWT BLESS YOU ALL….
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING…