Download HSPA Science Review

HSPA Science Review
Biology and Physics
Biology
Match the molecule to the function:
1. DNA, RNA
A. High energy compounds, not
water soluble
2. Fats (lipids)
B. Contains and transfers genetic
information
3. Carbohydrates
C. Energy carrier in cell
4. Proteins
D. C, H, & O compounds used as
energy source
1. ATP
E. Builds all cell structures
Biology
Solutions
1. DNA, RNA
A. High energy compounds, not
water soluble
2. Fats (lipids)
B. Contains and transfers genetic
information
3. Carbohydrates
C. Energy carrier in cell
4. Proteins
D. C, H, & O compounds used as
energy source
1. ATP
E. Builds all cell structures
Biology
A photon (little packet of light energy) excites an
electron in chlorophyll because chlorophyll has the ability
to directly absorb light energy in a usable form. This is
part of the light reaction. A green plant then uses that
energy to split water molecules, combine carbon dioxide
molecules into 3-carbon molecules, and two of these
combine to build a molecule of glucose, C6H12O6. This
occurs during the dark (does not need light) reaction of
photosynthesis.
The light energy is now chemical energy in the bonds
of glucose and is the reason that plants are the producers or
energy suppliers at the bottom of the food chain.
Biology
A squirrel in the woods of Pennsylvania has a litter of
offspring. 4 of the offspring are reddish-brown in fur color. A
mutation caused the other 4 offspring to have white fur.
Which of the offspring will have the best chance of
surviving to reproduce?
Explain.
Biology
A squirrel in the woods of Pennsylvania has a litter of
offspring. 4 of the offspring are reddish-brown in fur color. A
mutation caused the other 4 offspring to have white fur.
Which of the offspring will have the best chance of
surviving to reproduce?
Explain.
Solution:
The white offspring will have difficulty hiding due to the light
color of their fur. As a result they with have a very difficult
time reaching maturity to reproduce. The reddish-brown ones
will blend in and have a much greater chance of reproducing.
Biology
Which of the following are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
A. Cytosine
B. Guanine
C. Uracil
D. Alanine
E. Thymine
F. Adenine
G. Phenylalanine
Biology
The nitrogenous bases of DNA are:
A. Cytosine
B. Guanine
E. Thymine
F. Adenine
Biology
The genetic code in DNA is contained in:
A. Single bases
B. Base pairs
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. Triplet codes
Biology
Solution:
The genetic code in DNA is contained in:
D. Triplet codes
Biology
Solution:
The genetic code in DNA is contained in:
D. Triplet codes
Each sequence of three bases (ACG, TCA, AGA, etc.)
codes for one of the twenty amino acids, which are the
alphabet of proteins. Proteins build cell structure and
enzymes.
Biology
How are mRNA and tRNA involved in getting the
genetic code from DNA into a functional protein at the
ribosome?
Biology
How are mRNA and tRNA involved in getting the
genetic code from DNA into a functional protein at the
ribosome?
Solution:
The mRNA is formed when the DNA (double stranded) unzips
in the nucleus. The triplet code is transferred to the
mRNA. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the
ribosome. A tRNA (which has a triplet code) picks up an
amino acid and brings it to the ribosome. If the tRNA
triplet is complementary to the mRNA triplet (ex: CCC to
GGG) the ribosome keeps the amino acid and starts to
build the protein. This continues until the protein or
polypeptide is built from the mRNA.
Biology
RNA has one different base than DNA. The base,
uracil or U, replaces which base in DNA?
A. Adenine
B. Thymine
C. Guanine
D. Cytosine
Biology
RNA has one different base than DNA. The base,
uracil or U, replaces which base in DNA?
B. Thymine
Example:
DNA
CGA ATT
GCG
mRNA
GCU UAA CGC
tRNA
CGA AUU GCG
Biology
Mistakes or mutations can happen in the genetic code.
If one base changes, it can change the amino acid and the
resulting protein. The change can be beneficial or it can be
detrimental to the organism. Beneficial ones may make
the organism survive better. Detrimental ones may make
the organism less hardy.
AUU codes for isoleucine in mRNA. If the last U mutates
to an A, AUA codes for asparagine, which could change the
entire protein.
Genetics
Tall (T) dominates short (t). A homozygous tall (TT)
plant is crossed with a short plant (tt). What per cent of the
offspring are short?
Genetics
Tall (T) dominates short (t). A homozygous tall (TT)
plant is crossed with a short plant (tt). What per cent of the
offspring are short?
Solution: 0% short
TT x tt
T
T
t
Tt
Tt
t
Tt
Tt
All offspring are Tt or tall. Therefore no short.
Genetics
Tall (T) dominates short (t). Two heterozygous talls
(Tt) are crossed. What per cent of the offspring are short?
Genetics
Tall (T) dominates short (t). Two heterozygous talls
(Tt) are crossed. What per cent of the offspring are short?
Solution: 25% short
Tt x Tt
T
t
T
TT
Tt
t
Tt
tt
3 of 4 offspring are Tt or TT or tall. Therefore 1/4 or 25%
are short.
Genetics
Straight (S) co-dominates with curly (C). SC is
wavy. Two wavys (SC) are crossed.. What per cent of the
offspring are wavy?
Genetics
Straight (S) co-dominates with curly (C). SC is
wavy. Two wavys (SC) are crossed. What per cent of the
offspring are wavy?
Solution: 50% wavy
SC x SC
S
C
S
SS
SC
C
SC
CC
Since wavy is SC, Therefore 1/2 or 50% are wavy. 1/4 or
25% are straight (SS) and 1/4 or 25% are curly (CC).
Genetics
Males are XY and females are XX. Show why that
there should be 50 % males and 50 % females from births.
Genetics
Males are XY and females are XX. Show why that
there should be 50 % males and 50 % females from births.
Solution: 50% male, 50% female
XY x XX
X
Y
X
XX
XY
X
XX
XY
In a large population, 1/2 the population will be
males and 1/2 will be females as shown by the Punnet
square.
Physics
F = mx a
Or
Force =
(Newtons)
Mass
x Acceleration
Kg
meters/sec2
Physics
F = mx a
What is the force of a 10 Kg object moving at 2 m/sec2?
Physics
F = mx a
What is the force of a 10 Kg object moving at 2 m/sec2?
Solution
? F Newtons = 10 Kg x 2 m/sec2
Or 20 N
Physics
F = mx a
What acceleration will a 15 Kg object have if a force of
30 Newtons on it?
Physics
F = mx a
What acceleration will a 15 Kg object have if a force of
30 Newtons on it?
Solution
30 Newtons = 15 Kg x ? m/sec2
Or 2 m/sec2
Physics
F = mx a
What mass will have an accelaration of 5 m/sec2 if a
force of 30 Newtons is on it?
Physics
F = mx a
What mass will have an accelaration of 5 m/sec2 if a
force of 30 Newtons is on it?
Solution
30 Newtons = ? Kg x 5 m/sec2
Or 6 Kg
Physics
If you push against the wall with a force of 5 N, what
force does the wall push back with?
Physics
If you push against the wall with a force of 5 N, what
force does the wall push back with?
Solution:
Newton’s 3rd Law states that for every action there is
an equal and opposite reaction.
The wall pushes back with a force of 5 N!
Physics
Gravity is a universal force of attraction between any
two objects.
Physics
Gravity is a universal force of attraction between any
two objects.
Gravity is proportional to the masses of the objects!
The larger the masses, the greater the gravitational
attraction.
Physics
Gravity is a universal force of attraction between any
two objects.
Gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between the objects.
If the distance doubles between two objects, the
gravitational attraction DECREASES by 4!
Physics
Moving electric charges produces magnetic forces.
And conversely
Moving magnets produces electric forces.
(What a generatordoes!)
Electromagnetic Radiation
Waves of energy moving through space at the speed of
light.
Electromagnetic radiations differ in wavelength and
frequency.
Higher frequency had shorter wavelength.
Lower frequency has longer wavelength.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Arrange the 7 main electromagnetic radiations from
longest to shortest wavelengths.
Visible Light
Microwaves
Gamma Rays
Radio waves
Infrared rays
Ultraviolet rays
X rays
Electromagnetic Radiation
Arrange the 7 main electromagnetic radiations from
longest to shortest wavelengths.
Visible Light
Longest
Radio waves
Microwaves
Microwaves
Gamma Rays
Infrared
Radio waves
Visible Light
Infrared Light
Ultraviolet Light
Ultraviolet Light
X Rays
X rays
Shortest
Gamma Rays
Electromagnetic Radiation
Visible Light is made up of the spectrum of colors:
ROY G BIV
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, & Violet
700 nm
400 nm