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How Aquaculture research can
contribute to further sustainable
development of seafood industry
in the northern areas?
Prof. Olai Einen,
Research Director
Nofima Marin
Aquaculture activities in the Northern regions of
Norway
Other farmed species
• Arctic charr
• King Crab
• Sea Urchins
• Halibut
The three northern counties in Norway
have increased the aquaculture
production the last 10 yrs
350 000
Production (tons round wgt)
Main species for Aquaculture in
the northern regions
• Salmon
• Rainbow trout
• Atlantic cod
300 000
250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
Genetic improvement programs – a key element
for effecient aquaculture
Important traits in salmon:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Accumulated
selection response
Genetic gain (G)
Growth
Sexual maturation
Disease resistance
Flesh quality
Genetic gain in Atlantic salmon
after five generations of selection
Selected (5G) vs. Wild
S - W, %
Growth
+113
Feed consumption
+40
Protein retention
+9
Energy retention
+14
FCR, feed/gain
-20
Thodesen et. al., 1999
Breeding and genetics
• Nofima started in 1971 the first genetic programme in fish;
namely the salmon breeding programme.
• Till date, our basic research and applied work on genetic
improvement based on selective breeding have covered 11
species worldwide
– Increased growth rate
– Increased feed utilisation
– Increased disease resistance
• We are currently the host the
“National Breeding
Programme for Cod”
Kraknes, Tromsø
Feed development and aquaculture nutrition
Feed is the major cost in intensive fish farming; in salmon culture ca 60% of
production cost
Feed conversion ratio of salmon has been decreased substantially due to
nutrition research, technology development and farm management
Feed Conversion Ratio:
kg feed/ kg fish prodused
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
Feed development and
aquaculture nutrition
FEED TECHNOLOGY
- Extrusion
- High lipid content
- Physical quality
COST EFFECTIVE RAW MATERIALS
- Increased use of plant ingredients
- Increased use of fishery by products
IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF NUTRIENT
REQUIREMENTS
– Optimal protein/Energy ratio
– N-3 HUFA
– Amino Acids
– Vitamins & trace elements
IMPROVED FEED MANAGEMENT AT THE FARM
- Appetite control devices
- Growth models – references of feed
intake
The fatty acids EPA/DHA will be a
limiting factor for aquaculture feeds
•
Salmon is known as a healthy product because of the rich
content of n-3 fatty acids; especially the fatty acid EPA and DHA
•
Almost all fish oil, which is the main source of EPA/DHA in fish
feed, is already used for fish feed. Therefore, it will be
increasingly difficult to maintain a high level of EPA/DHA on the
fish feed.
•
We need to work on several strategies for ensuring an
acceptable high EPA/DHA level in farmed salmon:
1. New feed sources
– Biotechnical developed plant or microorganisms
– New marine sources like krill and calanus
2. Improve the salmon’s ability to convert fatty acids to
EPA/DHA
Fish health
is always a challenge in
aquaculture
•
Prevention of diseases – the main strategy
– Vaccine development and immunology
– Selection programs for increased disease resistance
– Genetic markers for disease resistance
– Balanced nutrition; feed additives with immune response
– Optimising farming conditions
– Exercise?
– Epidemiology
•
Treatment
– Anti-parasite treatment
• Biological control by using Wrasse
• Chemical treatment
– Antibiotics (almost no use today)
Harvested amount
(tons)
Antibiotics used
(kg active ingredient)
Use of antibiotics in salmonid culture in Norway is substantially reduced
since the 1980-thies. Salmon production is the industrial animal
production with the lowest consumption of antibiotics
Vaccine
Cold water
vibriosis
Vaccine
Furunculosis
Disease resistance in the
breeding programme
Strict authority regulations :
Hygiene, zones, etc
The Aquaculture Research Station (Kårvika/Tromsø)
has a specialised unit for controlled disease challenge
trials. Important for documentation of vaccines,
breeding groups and immunostimulants
Capture based aquaculture
• A possibility to improve the market value
of wild caught marine animals, for
example:
– Cod
– King Crab
• Keeping alive and also feed the captured
animals to
– wait for a better seasonal price in the
market
– obtain a better paid size class
– improve fillet quality and fillet yield
– improve meat content
• Nofima was this year (2010) granted a
”Research Centre for Capture based
farming”
Processing and product development
• Flesh quality
– Studies on fillet gaping, soft flesh,
discolouration, micro flora,…
• Developing rapid on-line methods for
flesh quality grading (NIR/VIS, x-ray,
fluoricencs)
• Process optimisation tools – statistics
and data modelling
• Packaging methods (MAP, CO2-emitters)
• New fish products with focus on
consumer preferences and health
advantages of fish
Summary
• Aquaculture production is increasing fast in the northern region
of Norway
– Salmon is the main species, but there are several other
opportinites for aquaculture including capture based
aquaculture
• To further develop successfully a sustainable aquaculture
industry we need to further strengthen national and
interanational R&D on areas like:
– Genetic improvement
– Cost effective and sustainable feed sources; special
attention to EPA/DHA supply is needed
– Fish health and welfare
– Seafood quality and product development