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Classification 1 What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms 2 Benefits of Classifying •organisms Accurately & uniformly names •starfish Prevents misnomers such as & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names • Sea”horse”?? 3 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names 4 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists 5 Early Taxonomists •2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers • • 6 Early Taxonomists •John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant • 7 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 • 18th century taxonomist • Classified • organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today 8 Carolus Linnaeus •Called the “Father of Taxonomy” •Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) • 9 Standardized Naming •Binomial nomenclature used •Genus species •Latin or Greek •Italicized in print •Capitalize genus, but NOT species •Underline when Turdus migratorius writing American Robin 10 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? 11 Rules for Naming Organisms • The International Code for • • Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names 12 Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a • • category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species 13 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Most Specific Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti 14 15 Ursus americanus American Black Bear Human Taxonomy Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapien 18 Domains • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Three domains • Domain Archaea and Domain • Bacteria consist of unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Domain Eukarya consist of more complex eukaryotes and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles 19 The grouping of organisms into domains and kingdoms is based on three factors: 1. Cell type 2. Cell number 3. Feeding type 1. Cell type – The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or cell wall. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Do not have: * A membrane bound nucleus * No membrane bound organelles Prokaryotes Do Have: * DNA * Ribosomes * Cytoplasm * Cell membrane Typical Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotes Do Have: * A membrane bound Nucleus * Other smaller Organelles - any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell. Typical Eukaryotic Cell 2. Cell Number – whether the organism exist as a single cell or as many cells. Unicellular – single celled organism Multi-cellular – many celled organism 3. Feeding Type – How organisms get their food. Autotrophs – (producer) Makes it’s own food Heterotrophs – (consumer) Must eat other organisms to survive DOMAIN ARCHAEA • Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA • Probably the 1 cells to evolve • Live in HARSH environments • Found in: –Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) –Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) –Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid –Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great st Salt Lake) - Halophiles 29 ARCHAEAN 30 DOMAIN BACTERIA • Kingdom - EUBACTERIA • Some may cause DISEASE • Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones • Important decomposers for environment • Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. 31 Live in the intestines of animals 32 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms • Kingdom Protista (protozoans, algae…) • Kingdom Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) • Kingdom Plantae (multicellular plants) • Kingdom Animalia (multicellular animals) 33 Kingdom Protista •Most are unicellular •Some are multicellular •Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic • 34 Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular, except yeast • Absorptive • heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin 35 Kingdom Plantae •Multicellular •Autotrophic •Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose • 36 Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Ingestive • heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals 37 Kingdom Cell Type Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell Number Feeding Type Cell Wall Unicellular Autotrophs Yes Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Both Yes Protista Eukaryote Most Unicellular Both Yes And No Fungi Eukaryote Plantae Animalia Most Heterotroph Multicellular Eukaryote Multicellular Autotroph Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph Yes Yes No Animals Animals are divided into Phyla based on their different characteristics. Two major characteristics are... 1. Backbone a.Vertebrate b.Invertebrate 2. Symmetry a. Bilateral (mirror halves) b. Radial (circular) c. Asymmetry (no equal divisions) Symmetry - the trait of being made up of similar parts facing each other or around an axis. Vertebrates There are five groups of vertebrates: Fish Birds Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Amphibians *Have moist skin *Lay jelly coated eggs in water *Lives on land and water Birds *Have feathers and hollow bones *Lay hard shelled eggs *Endotherm/Warm blooded Fish *Have wet scales *Lays eggs in water *Live in water Mammals *Have hair and produce milk *Give birth to live offspring *Endotherm/Warm blooded Reptiles *Have dry scales *Lay leathery shelled eggs *Ectotherm/Cold blooded Summary of Vertebrates Invertebrates These are animals without a backbone There are eight groups of invertebrates: Mollusks Flatworms Annelids Roundworms Sponges Echinoderms Cnidarians Arthropods Mollusks *Crawl on a single fleshy pad. *Can have a shell Flatworms Have flat worm like bodies Annelids *Have round worm like bodies *Have bodies divided into segments Roundworms *Have long thin round worm like bodies *Have bodies with no segments Sponges Have bodies made of loosely joined cells Echinoderms *Have bodies divided into five parts *Have spiny outer covering Cnidarians *Have thin sack like bodies *Have tentacles *Have stinging cells (nematocyst) Arthropods Have lots of legs and segmented bodies. There are four group of arthropods: Arachnids Centipedes & Millipedes Crustaceans Insects Arthropods - Arachnid *Have four pairs of legs. *Have bodies divided into two sections Arthropods – Centipedes & Millipedes Have long thin bodies and pairs of legs on each of their many body sections Arthropods - Crustacean *Have five-seven pairs of legs *First pair often used as pincers *Bodies covered in shell Arthropods - Insects *Have three pairs of legs *Bodies divided into three sections *Often have wings Basis for Modern Taxonomy •Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins • • 60 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. 61 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos 62 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales 63 Primate Cladogram 64 Dichotomous Key •Used to identify organisms •Characteristics given in pairs •Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism 65 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Tentacles present – Go to 2 Tentacles absent – Go to 3 Eight Tentacles – Octopus More than 8 tentacles – 3 Tentacles hang down – go to 4 Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 66