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Driving question: How do decomposers grow and function? Activity 1: Explaining What Happens When Mushrooms Grow Three types of decomposers One common decomposer: Fungi Another decomposer – Invertebrates Crucial decomposers: bacteria and microscopic fungi Are decomposers more like plants or more like animals? Kind of Organism Changes in Mass Changes in CO2 Plants growing in the light Plants gain more mass than the soil loses, so plants and soil combined gain mass Plants in the light absorb CO2 from the air Growing animals (e.g., mealworms, cows, people) Animals add CO2 to the air when they breathe Bread mold (your investigation) Animals gain less mass than their food loses, so animals and food combined lose mass ??? ??? The structure of mushroom cap gill stem hypha mycelium Are mushroom plants? The Movement Question: How do mushrooms grow? How can mushrooms digest food without digestive systems? Materials in Mushrooms and their Food Sources What is in DEAD PLANTS (SPINACH)? What is in MUSHROOMS? Food Polymers in Dead Plants Cellulose Plant protein …and many other polymers Mushroom Polymers Starch Mushroom protein …and many other polymers Question: How can mushrooms make their polymers from plant polymers? Activity 2: Modeling Digestion and Biosynthesis How can a fungus digest food without a digestive system? Matter movement for digestion at macroscopic scale scales Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Analyzing Matter Process Matter Movement Material identity Digestion Biosynthesis All Energy Cellular respiration Energy transformation Blank Digesting OUTSIDE the Body • Fungi can break down polymers (large organic molecules) OUTSIDE their bodies • The cells in the hyphae send out digestive enzymes that break the polymer into monomers (small organic molecules) • The small monomers then can enter the cells of the hyphae and travel through the mycelium Materials needed for the paperclip modeling activity Carbohydrate monomer: Protein monomers: Mushroom poster 20 paperclips to make bonds between monomers: Build Food Molecules Step 1: Build PROTEIN molecules by linking 5 amino acid monomers. There are different amino acids (3 types of cards) and when combined in different ways you get different protein molecules. (Plants have 20 different amino acids.) Step 2: One type of carbohydrate is cellulose, also called fiber. Build a FIBER molecule by making a chain of 6 glucose molecules. Digest Food Molecules Step 1: Digest PROTEIN molecules by breaking the protein into individual amino acids. Step 2: People cannot digest FIBER (cellulose) molecules, but some fungi can digest fiber. Digest cellulose molecules by breaking the chain of glucose molecules into individual glucose molecules Digested Monomers Matter movement for digestion at atomic-molecular scale Large scale scales Macroscopic Microscopic Click to see animation Atomic molecular Analyzing Matter Process Matter Movement Material identity Digestion Biosynthesis All Energy Cellular respiration Energy transformation Blank Matter movement for digestion at microscopic scale sugar Large scale scales Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Analyzing Matter Process Matter Movement Material identity Digestion Biosynthesis All Energy Cellular respiration Energy transformation Blank How do fungi digest dead plants? Where are atoms moving to? Where are atoms moving from? Chemical change What molecules are carbon atoms in before the change? What other molecules are involved? What forms of energy are in the reactants? What molecules are carbon atoms in after the change? What other molecules are produced? What forms of energy are in the products? Remember: Atoms last forever (so you can rearrange atoms into new molecules, but can’t add or subtract atoms) Energy lasts forever (so you can change forms of energy, but energy units can’t appear or go away) The Movement Question: Show on your poster how the monomers can move through the mycelium to the mushroom. Matter movement for biosynthesis at macroscopic scale scales Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Analyzing Matter Process Matter Movement Material identity Digestion Biosynthesis All Energy Cellular respiration Energy transformation Blank Build a Mushroom Step 1: Build PROTEIN molecules by linking 5 amino acid monomers. You can make a different protein by combining the amino acids in a different order. Step 2: Build STARCH molecules by linking glucose monomers. What is in MUSHROOMS? Mushroom Polymers Starch Mushroom protein …and many other polymers Matter transformation for protein synthesis at atomic-molecular scale Large scale scales Macroscopic Microscopic Click to see animation Atomic molecular Analyzing Matter Process Matter Movement Material identity Digestion Biosynthesis All Energy Cellular respiration Energy transformation Blank How do fungi make a mushroom? Where are atoms moving to? Where are atoms moving from? Chemical change What molecules are carbon atoms in before the change? What other molecules are involved? What forms of energy are in the reactants? What molecules are carbon atoms in after the change? What other molecules are produced? What forms of energy are in the products? Remember: Atoms last forever (so you can rearrange atoms into new molecules, but can’t add or subtract atoms) Energy lasts forever (so you can change forms of energy, but energy units can’t appear or go away) Activity 3: Cellular Respiration in Decomposers Identify where chemical energy is located (atomic molecular scale): • Which molecules have chemical energy? Molecules in dead plants: Example: CELLULOSE Digested monomers in fungus: Example: AMINO ACID Example: SUGARS Molecules in mushroom: Example: STARCH Matter movement for cellular respiration at macroscopic scale scales Large scale Macroscopic Microscopic Atomic molecular Analyzing Matter Process Matter Movement Material identity Digestion Biosynthesis All Energy Cellular respiration Energy transformation Blank Matter movement for cellular respiration at atomic-molecular scale Large scale scales Macroscopic Microscopic Click to see animation Atomic molecular Analyzing Matter Process Matter Movement Material identity Digestion Biosynthesis All Energy Cellular respiration Energy transformation Blank How do mushroom cells get energy? Where are atoms moving to? Where are atoms moving from? Chemical change What molecules are carbon atoms in before the change? What other molecules are involved? What forms of energy are in the reactants? What molecules are carbon atoms in after the change? What other molecules are produced? What forms of energy are in the products? Remember: Atoms last forever (so you can rearrange atoms into new molecules, but can’t add or subtract atoms) Energy lasts forever (so you can change forms of energy, but energy units can’t appear or go away) Writing a Chemical Equation • Chemists use chemical equations to show how atoms of reactant molecules are rearranged to make product molecules • Writing the equation in symbols: Chemists use an arrow to show how reactants change into products: [reactant molecule formulas] product molecule formulas] • Saying it in words: Chemists read the arrow as “yield” or “yields:” [reactant molecule names] yield [product molecule names] • Equations must be balanced: Atoms last forever, so reactant and product molecules must have the same number of each kind of atom • Try it: can you write a balanced chemical equation to show the chemical change when animals move (use energy)? Chemical equation for cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O (in words: sugar reacts with oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water) The end