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What is Biochemistry?
Biochemistry is the study of the
various chemicals that a living
organism needs to stay alive.
Metabolism? Refers to the sum total
of all the chemical reactions that
create this illusion that we call life.
What causes sickness or disease in
the body?
Sickness is a malfunction of the body
that the body quickly repairs.
Disease is a breakdown of some
organ, or an interruption in some
metabolic pathway that causes the
body machine to break down.
1.Differentiate
HDL, LDL,
AND VDL
Lipoproteins:
A lipoprotein is a transport
molecule that MOVES cholesterol
to the liver where it can be used
by the body.
HDL stands for :
High Density Lipoprotein
. These will transport
their load of cholesterol
to the liver with no
problem.
LDL stands for:
Low Density Lipoprotein
That drop SOME of their
load of cholesterol on the
way to the liver.
VDL means :
Very Low Density Lipoprotein
These are very weak, they
always drop most of their load
of cholesterol while on their
way to the liver.
Which one is better to have?
HDL’s – the others cause clogged
arteries.
Pops note
Why should we here in
Montgomery County be
concerned with what kind
of lipoproteins that we
have?
Southern Cookin’!!
Soul Food!
Our diet is full of fat
and cholesterol!
Why is it that some people have
different types of lipoproteins?
Genetics begins the problem.
Then, lack of exercise
will cause the creation of LDL’s.
Start exercising, and your number
of HDL’s will go up.
2. Explain what causes
Carbon to be so
important in life
processes:
Carbon has four
open bonding sites.
It can twist and turn
around the central
nucleus to allow for
easier bonding with
other substances.
3. Differentiate
movement
between a carbon
molecule that has 4 single
covalent bonds and a
carbon molecule that has a
few double covalent
bonds.
With single covalent bonds, the atoms
Can still move freely and seek out other
Molecules to bond with.
Double bonds hold more rigidly, and
Restricts rotation
Pops note!
What is meant by the
Carbon backbone?
Long chains of hydrocarbons that is
The FOUNDATION for all
Organic life!
Pops note
What are functional
Groups?
Clusters of atoms that move as a unit.
They bond to the carbon backbone
Of a molecule, causing it to
Do different things.
All of these will
Bond with the
Carbon backbone,
But the EFFECTS
They cause will be
Different.
4. What causes the 3dimensional shapes
and functions of
organic compounds?
1.The number of covalent bonds within
the backbone.
a. The carbon backbone will kink at the
double bond.
2. The kinds of functional group that is
attached to the carbon backbone will
cause it to have a different shape
5. Explain the
importance of the
various functional
groups that may bond
to the carbon 3
backbone:
1.The functional group will influence
The polarity of surrounding atoms.
2. Different functional groups will cause
Different kinds of bonding, some single
And some double.
3. This shifting of polarity, and variation
Of double and single bonds, forces the
Molecule to do DIFFERENT THINGS.
Explain the role
of enzymes:
6.
To speed up chemical
Reactions and cause
Changes in functional
Groups to occur.
7.
Complete the
following chart
regarding the 5 classes
of enzyme mediated
responses:
List: Functional Group Transfer
Define: One molecule gives up a
Functional group – another accepts
Example: A job needs doing, but it
Doesn’t have the functional group
To do it.
List: Electron Transfer
Define: Enzymes strip electrons from
One molecule and transfer them to
Another.
Example: A bond was needed but the
Polarity was wrong, shift the electrons
Around, shift the polarity.
List: Rearrangement
Define: Enzymes will change some
Single bonds to double bonds, and some
Double bonds to single bonds.
Example: This will change the 3 – D
Shape so it can reach out and bond
With other things.
List: Condensation
Define: Enzymes force two smaller
Molecules to join.
Example: A polymer is needed
pops
Condensation?
Enzymes remove a water molecule,
Polarity changes, and the molecules
Are attracted to one another.
List: Cleavage
Define: Enzymes pull a larger
Molecule apart
Example: Simple sugars are released
From a polysaccharide.
Hydrolysis
pops
“A cleavage operation”
Enzymes force water back into the
Molecule, polarity shifts, and the
Individual sugars repel each other.
As you can see, Life has
a way of going on. If
the current situation
isn’t doing the job, then
“BAM” some enzyme
mediated response just
rewrites the script.
What do we Need done??
Need that molecule to do a new job?
Enzymes break off the current
functional group – attach a new one.
Need to form a bond with a Repelling
neighboring molecule? Let the enzymes
strip off some electrons and make the
polarity more attractive!
The molecule that you need is out of
reach? No problem, enzymes can
rearrange the internal bonding structure
and cause it’s shape to be different so it
CAN reach that needed molecule.
Need the smaller units that the big
molecule is made of? Let the enzymes
force the big molecule into cleavage –
then it will split.
Need the larger molecule, but all you
have are little molecules? Then the
enzymes will add a molecule of water
to the mix, and force the two little
molecules to FUSE into one big
molecule. (condensation)
Pops note!
What is the difference
Between a polymer
And a monomer?
The polymer is a large molecule made
up of many individual sub-units. The
subunits are the monomers.
Molecule?
Carbohydrate
Monomer? Saccharide
Use by the body?
Energy Source
Molecule? Protein
Monomer? Amino Acid
Use by the body?
Building new body tissue,
and making enzymes.
Molecule? Lipids
Monomers? Fatty Acid
Use by the body?
Storage of excess
carbohydrates, building plasma
membranes
Molecule? DNA
MONOMER? Nucleic
Acid
Use by the body?
Storage of Genetic
information
9. Differentiate
monosaccharides,
oligosaccharides, and
polysaccharides:
Monosaccharide =
one sugar unit
Oligosaccharide?
2 sugar units hooked together
Polysaccharide?
Many sugar units hooked together!
10. Why are foods such
as potatoes such an
important energy
source?
Starches like potatoes,
are merely LONG
chains of sugars.
Starchy foods provide
you with a lot of
energy
Why did your
Grandparents
call it “Stick to
your ribs food?”
The sugars in
those potatoes,
will be broken
Down one at a time. The
energy will be released
slowly.
11. Differentiate
saturated and
unsaturated fats:
In a saturated fat, all
The bonding sites are
FULL of single bonds.
DANGEROUS
FAT!!
In a saturated
Fat, there are a
Double bonds,
Thus opening up
Some bonding
Sites.
In a Polyunsaturated
fat, There are many
open bonding sites due
to the double bonding.
Safest fat
To consume
Pop’s Warning!
Only liquid cooking oil is
truly unsaturated.
Shortening in the can had
to be saturated to make it a
solid.
12. What are Waxes?
Long chains of fatty
acids tightly packed
and bonded to alcohol
or carbon rings.
Two examples of
natural Waxes:
Sebrum and beeswax
Sebrum is a
Wax that
Water-proofs
Birds feathers
Bees make honey Wax + cutin forms
Comb from wax the cuticle on fruit
13. What is a
steroid?
Lipids with no
Flexible fatty acid tails. They
have a rigid backbone of
four fused carbon rings
Dangers?
You bet! In
men, muscle
growth,
good..Penis and
scrotum
SHRINK..NO
GOOD.
Dangers?
For women,
shrinkage of
the breast,
beard, manish
ways.
Really bad case?
ORGAN DAMAGE
DEATH.
14. What does the
human body use
protein for?
a)Building muscle
b) Make enzymes and hormones
c) Transport proteins which
move things across the plasma
membrane.
15. Describe a
generic protein:
Long chains of amino acids
hooked together by peptide
bonds.
16. What makes
one protein
different from
another protein?
The sequence of amino
acids!
or
17. Draw, or
describe the
shape of an
amino acid:
18. What makes
one amino acid
different from
another amino acid?
What
Difference
Do you
See?
The R Group
makes the
difference
19. Using primary structure,
secondary structure, tertiary,
and quaternary structure,
explain how a protein assumes
its three dimensional shape:
Primary Structure:
Ordered sequences of
amino acids link into
chains, held in place by
peptide bonds.
Secondary structure
Hydrogen bonding
of side groups on
the amino acid
chain.
Tertiary structure
The various ‘R’ groups begin to
pull towards one another or
push away from one another
causing the entire molecule to
FOLD UP.
Quaternary Structure
More folding as a
SECOND
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
bonds with the first
chain.
20. Differentiate
DNA and RNA by
chemical make up
and by function.
Chemical make up
DNA – A double stranded
helix containing deoxyribose
sugar.
RNA – A single strand
containing RIBOSE sugars.
Function:
DNA – Storage of genetic
information within the nucleus
RNA – Transfer of genetic
information from the nucleus to
the ribosome.
21. Explain how chemical
analysis was used to prove
the difference between a
monosaccharide, a
disaccharide, and
polysaccharide.
Benedict’s
Solution turns
Yellow in the
Presence of a
Monosaccharide
No reaction to
The disacchride
Or the
Polysaccharide.
The Iodine
Turns
Black when
Exposed to a
Polysaccharide
No reaction
With a
Monosaccharide
Or a dissacharide
If all three of these samples
are made of sugars, why was
there a chemical difference?
There were DIFFERENCES
in the available bonding
sites.
22. Describe protein
Denaturation:
High temperatures or
changes in the pH will
change the 3-D shape of the
molecule, by damaging the
functional groups.