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Today: Nutrition and Digestion Next Week: Circulation, Respiration, and Reproduction During digestion complex molecules are broken down and then used to build needed molecules and to produce energy Food Pyramid based on 2,000 calories/day Federal Food Subsidies vs Food Pyramid http://www.pcrm.org/magazine/gm07autumn/health_pork.html Protein needed per day = 0.8g/kg of body weight So a 150 lb person needs 54 g or 2 oz of protein/day CB 5.17 CB 41.10 8 Essential Amino Acids Many cultures combine these foods in their traditional diets: beans and rice, beans and corn, peanut butter on bread, soy and rice, lentils and bread or rice CB 41.10 The Calorie Restriction Society for people trying to live longer by eating fewer calories http://youtube.com/watch?v=YTQR7o9ap9Y Regulation of Drosophila Life Span by Olfaction and Food-Derived Odors S Libert, J Zwiener, X Chu, W VanVoorhies, G Roman, S Pletcher Science Vol. 315:1133 - 1137 23 February 2007 Smelling food reduces life span in CR flies Calorie Restricted Flies Normal Diet Flies Fig 1 Flies with a poor sense of smell live longer Or83b is a gene involved in the fly’s sense of smell Fig 2A Flies lacking the Or83b gene are resistant to starvation Fig 4B Smelling food reduces life span in CR flies Calorie Restricted Flies Normal Diet Flies Fig 1 Calorie Restriction related websites: http://www.calorierestriction.org/ http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/30/eveningnews/main1172297.shtml http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;315/5815/1133 http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;315/5812/584 Cause-Specific Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity Flegal KM et al JAMA, November 7, 2007—Vol 298, No. 17 pg 2028-37 Overweight (BMI 25-30) people live longer than normal (BMI 18.5-25), underweight (BMI<18.5), or obese (BMI>30) people JAMA, November 7, 2007—Vol 298, No. 17 pg 2028-37 Overweight people live longer than normal, underweight, or obese people for all causes of death QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. CVD= cardiovascular disease JAMA, November 7, 2007—Vol 298, No. 17 pg 2028-37 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. JAMA, November 7, 2007 Vol 298: 2028-37 The Digestive System CB 41.15 light Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O C6H1206 + O2 sugar Cellular Respiration C6H1206 + O2 sugar CO2 + H2O energy ADP ATP Cells store energy in ATP Energy used Energy released Using ATP Complex molecules are broken down and then used to build needed molecules and to produce energy Animals take in complex molecules from the environment for energy production Animal digestion occurs outside of our cells. animal and fungal digestion occurs outside of our cells. Physical digestion: liquefying of food Chemical digestion: breaking large molecules into small molecules CB 41.21