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TYPE 3 • FCA: EXP. ¾ BIOMOLECULES 40 • FCA: GIVE ONE EX OF EACH 30 • FCA: ESSAY 5 PARAGRAPHS 30 AGENDA • Fill in Collins Folder w/ Type 3 ONLY!!! • Assignment: BIOMOLECULES • I will come around and give you your 1st Quarter Grades. TYPE 3 • FCA: YOUR LETTER GRADE 30 • FCA: WHAT YOU DID GOOD/BAD 40 • FCA: 3 GOALS FOR QUARTER 2 30 Type One: Write 5 Observations you see in this picture Molecules can be represented in many ways Salt (NaCl) sodium + chlorine sodium chloride Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom • Electrons are arranged in shells – The outermost shell determines the chemical properties of an atom – In most atoms, a full outer shell holds eight electrons Atoms whose shells are not full tend to interact with other atoms and gain, lose, or share electrons Electron Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge • When atoms gain or lose electrons, charged atoms called ions are created – Electrical Attraction: Opposites Attract – Metals + Non-Metals = Compound Na Sodium atom Cl Chlorine atom + Na Sodium ion +/ - Cl– Chloride ion Covalent bonds, the sharing of electrons, join atoms into molecules • Atoms share outer energy level electrons with other atoms – Atoms joined together by covalent bonds form molecules – Non-Metals + Non-Metals -- Share Electrons NOT Attraction Covalent Bonds Share Electrons And Form MOLECULES Organisms are sensitive to Acidic and Basic conditions • A compound that releases H+ ions in solution is an acid, and one that accepts H+ ions in solution is a base • Acidity is measured on the pH scale: – 0-6 is acidic – 8-14 is basic – Pure water and solutions that are neither basic nor acidic are neutral, with a pH of 7 • pH scale H+ OH– Acidic solution Increasingly ACIDIC (Higher concentration of H+) pH scale Neutral solution Figure 2.15 Basic solution Increasingly BASIC (Lower concentration of H+) NEUTRAL [H+] = [OH–] Lemon juice; gastric juice Grapefruit juice Tomato juice Urine PURE WATER Human blood Seawater Milk of magnesia Household ammonia Household bleach Oven cleaner How Do Cells keep pH at 7? • Cells are kept close to pH 7 by BUFFERS •Buffers are substances that resist pH change •They accept H+ ions when they are in excess and donate H+ ions when they are depleted Buffers are not foolproof Connection: Acid Rain threatens the environment • Some ecosystems are threatened by acid rain • Acid rain is formed when air pollutants from burning fossil fuels combine with water vapor in the air to form sulfuric and nitric acids EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN – These acids can kill fish, damage buildings, and injure trees – Laws, new technology, and energy conservation may help us reduce acid precipitation BIOMOLECULES • • • • CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS CARBOHYDRATES • Biomolecules made up of SUGAR molecules • Major source of ENERGY for organisms • 3 Major types of Carbohydrates: – Monosaccharides – Disaccharides – Polysaccharides MONOSACCHARIDES • • • • Made up of only 1 sugar molecule CH2O: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Used by cells for ENERGY Contains a HYDROXYL GROUP (-OH) and a CARBONYL GROUP (C=O) MONOSACCHARIDES: Sugar Molecules can go from a STRING to a RING ! DISSACHARIDES • Form when 2 sugar molecules combine Sucrose Connection: How sweet is sweet? • Various types of molecules, including nonsugars, taste sweet because they bind to “sweet” receptors on the tongue POLYSACCHARIDES : • Many Sugar Molecules bonded together Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glycogen granules in muscle tissue Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall Cellulose molecules Glucose monomer STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE LIPIDS: Energy storing molecules • Made up of carbon and hydrogen • DO NOT mix with water LIPIDS are also called TRIGLYCERIDES • TRIGLYCERIDES consists of one glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids Phospholipids, waxes, and steroids are lipids • Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes • Waxes form waterproof coatings • Steroids are often hormones PROTEINS • Proteins are involved in – cellular structure – movement – defense – transport – communication • Mammalian hair is composed proteins • Enzymes regulate chemical reactions Proteins are made up of Amino Acids • Each Amino Acids contains: – an amino group – a carboxyl group – an R group, which distinguishes each of the 20 different amino acids Amino group Carboxyl (acid) group How do Proteins Form? • Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis • The bonds between amino acids are called peptide bonds Carboxyl group Amino group PEPTIDE BOND Dehydration synthesis Amino acid Figure 3.13 Amino acid Dipeptide NUCLEIC ACIDS • Biomolecules that carry all information for a cell: – Blueprints for Protein-Making – DNA & RNA: Control all cell processes. • The subunits of nucleic acids are called nucleotides – Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base Nitrogenous base (A) Phosphate group Figure 3.20A Sugar • The sugar and phosphate form the backbone for the nucleic acid Nucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone