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Chemistry of Carbon Chapter 4 Building Blocks of Life AP Biology Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H2O ~____________% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids ~3% salts Na, Cl, K… AP Biology Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Organic chemistry is the study of _____________________________________compounds Organic compounds- compounds containing _____________________________________, and usually _____________________________________ Ex. ________________Methane Synthesized _____________________________________ in early Earth Exception- ______________(inorganic) AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules _____________________________________ 4 major classes of macromolecules: _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ AP Biology Carbons forms diverse molecules by bonding to four other Atoms 4 valence electrons- valence of __________ Bonding partners: _____________________________________ Forms _____________________________________ bonds May be _____________________________________ or _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Tetra= 4 AP Biology Tetrahedral Forms _____________________________________ Occurs when Carbon forms _______ _____________________________________ bonds with other atoms (arrangement of orbitals) known as a tetrahedral shape Ex. Methane (CH4) Ethane (C2H6) Ethene (ethylene)- 2 Carbon atoms joined by a _____________________________________ bond Forms a flat molecule- Carbons are in same plane _____________________________________ of molecule determines AP Biology _____________________________________ Properties of Carbon C atoms are versatile building blocks Bonding properties 4 stable covalent bonds Accounts for diversity of biological molecules H H C H AP Biology H Studies of Organic Compounds _____________________________________ belief in life outside physical and chemical laws No longer accepted Freidrich _____________________________________ 1828 ; German chemist attempted to make an “inorganic” salt (Ammonia cyanate) by mixing ammonia ions (NH4+) and cyanate ions (CNO-) Made _____________________________________ organic compound found in _____________________________________ Hermann _____________________________________ Wohler’s student made _____________________________________ acid from inorganic compounds Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds from early life’s elementsAP Biology _____________________________________ experiment (1953) Carbon Skeleton Variation _____________________________________ Ethane, Propane _____________________________________ straight or branched Butane _____________________________________ Bonds Butene _____________________________________ Benzene AP Biology AP Biology Hydrocarbons (HC) Organic compounds consisting of only C & H Ex. _____________________________________, Butene, Benzene, _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ________________prevalent in _____________________________________ Except lipids- hydrocarbon tails ______________at room temp _____________________________________ APBiology methane (simplest HC) Hydrocarbons (HC) Prevalent in _____________________________________ Ex. _____________________________________, gasoline _____________________________________(______________) Store large amounts of energy Ex. Fats in mammals stored in AP Biology Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys AP Biology Isomers Molecules with ____________________________molecular formula but different structures (shapes) different ____________________________ properties different biological ____________________________ 6 carbons 6 carbons AP Biology 6 carbons 3 Types of Isomers ____________________________ - ____________________________ covalent partners May be differ in location of ____________________________ bonds ____________________________ - ____________________________ covalent partners, different ____________________________ arrangement Difference in shape- affects biological activity ____________________________ - ____________________________ images of each other Middle Carbon- ____________________________ Carbon Ex. ________________________& ____________________________ models Important for pharmaceuticals AP Biology Asthma and pain medications 3 Types of isomers AP Biology Form affects function Structural differences create important functional significance amino acid ____________________________ L-alanine used in proteins but not D-alanine medicines L-version active but not D-version sometimes with tragic results… AP Biology stereoisomers Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers AP Biology Form affects function Thalidomide prescribed to ____________________________ women in 50s & 60s reduced ____________________________ sickness, but… stereoisomer caused severe birth defects AP Biology Functional groups Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical ____________________________ give organic molecules distinctive properties ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Affect reactivity makes hydrocarbons ____________________________ increase solubility in water AP Biology Viva la difference! Basic structure of male & female hormones is ____________________________ identical ____________________________ ______________ attachment of different functional groups interact with different targets in the body different effects AP Biology Carbonyl ____________________________ O double bonded to C if C=O at end molecule = ____________________________ if C=O in middle of molecule = ____________________________ AP Biology Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides AP Biology Hydroxyl –____________________________ organic compounds with OH = ____________________________ names typically end in -ol Ethanol Hydroxyl AP Biology Amino - ____________________________ N attached to 2 H compounds with NH2 = ____________________________ amino acids NH2 acts as base ammonia picks up H+ from solution AP Biology Sulfhydryl –____________________________ S bonded to H compounds with SH = ____________________________ SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins AP Biology Phosphate –____________________________ P bound to 4 O connects to C through an O lots of O = lots of negative charge highly ____________________________ transfers energy between organic molecules ATP, GTP, etc. AP Biology Carboxyl –____________________________ C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group compounds with COOH = ____________________________ fatty acids amino acids AP Biology AP Biology 29 ATP Adenosine ____________________________(ATP)- cells main energy souce Organic compound attached to 3 ____________________________ groups Adenosine ____________________________(ADP)- A Phosphate may split off in ____________________________ AP Biology Polymers Long molecules built by ____________________________ repeating building blocks in a chain ____________________________ building blocks repeated small units covalent bonds HO H 2O H HO H Dehydration synthesis HO AP Biology H Building & Breaking Polymers Dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction _ _____________________ polymers from monomer ________________________ = _____________________ Monomer+ Monomer Polymer ________________________ = water _____________________ _____________________ down polymers into monomers Hydrolysis ____________________ = _____________________ AP Biology _____________________ = Break _____________________ Polymer Monomers How to build a polymer _____________________________________ joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH– other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O You gotta be open to “bonding! requires ________________________ & __________________________ H 2O HO H Dehydration synthesis HO H enzyme Condensation reaction AP Biology HO H Dehydration Synthesis AP Biology 34 How to break down a polymer ______________________________ Breaking up is hard to do! use H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H2O is split into H+ and OH– H+ & OH– attach to ends requires _________________________________ releases energy H2O HO enzyme H Hydrolysis AP Biology Digestion HO H HO H AP Biology 36
