Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Name the 4 Macromolecules needed by living things. DO NOW • Oct 13th Name the monomer for each of the 4 MACROMOLECULES needed by living things. DO NOW • Oct 14th I. Water - the most important inorganic (has no carbon) compound - Water is a polar compound with charged ends (+ and -). It forms polar covalent bonds - electrons are unevenly shared. H+ H+ O- H20 cont’d • Water is called the “universal solvent” • Most cell reactions take place in water A. Chemical Formula - just shows atoms HOH (another way of writing H20) B. Structural formula - shows chemical bonds + atoms H H O II. Acids + Bases - always caused by solutions having H+ ions. - pH scale is uses to measure how strong acids + bases are. pH measures H+ concentration. 0 ------------- 7 --------------14 ACIDS BASES NEUTRAL Dissociation (breaking apart a compound into opposite charges) HOH -----> H+ + (acid) OH (base) HCl ------> H+ + (acid) Cl (base) • Cohesion- an attractive force between molecules of the same kind • Ex: between water molecules in a drop of water • Adhesion- an attractive force between unlike substances • Ex: between water molecules and the walls of a straw • Capillarity- together adhesion and cohesion allow water to move upward through narrow tubes against the force of gravity CHAPTER 3 III. Organic compounds (Chapt. 3) • Always contain carbon • carbon atoms form very large molecules in long chains • macromolecules - large, complex molecules usually containing carbon IV. 4 kinds of organic molecules necessary for life - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids Functional Groups • Definition: Cluster of atoms in a compound that influences the properties of that compound • Example: -OH group=Hydroxyl group – Found in alcohols -PO4- = phosphate group 3 phosphate groups found in ATP ATP- bonds between 3 phosphate groups yield energy when they are broken V. Carbohydrates - provide quick energy release A. Contain only C, H, and O in a ratio of 1 C to 2 H to 1 O B. EX. Sugars, starches, cellulose C. Are made of simple sugars called monosaccharides. All have the formula C6H12O6. EX. Glucose (blood sugar), fructose (sugar in fruit), galactose Glucose Molecule Example: Monosaccharide:(means “one sugar”) also called simple sugar H2OH H2OH H C O H OH C C C OH C H H H H OH O H C OH OH Glucose C6H12O6 C C OH H C H H C OH OH Galactose C6H12O6 These are examples of structural isomers: They have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas (they look different) Building carbohydrates: • Monosaccharides combine by a process called dehydration synthesis • Dehydration = losing a molecule of H2O • Synthesis = putting together • 2 monosaccharides bond together and one molecule of H2O is split off CARBOHYDRATES CONT’D D. Disaccharides - double sugars formed by combining 2 monosaccharides EX. Lactose = glucose + galactose (sugar in milk) Sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar) E. Polysaccharides Definition: Macromolecules made of many sugars 1. Starch (amylose) - made of glucose units 2. Glycogen - long chains of glucose units stored by animals. Liver + muscle cells are made of glycogen 3. Cellulose - made of glucose units that are linked together by plant cells animals can’t digest it Breaking down carbohydrates • If polysaccharides are used for energy , they must be broken down into monosaccharides. • This process is called hydrolysis because a molecule of HOH is split. • It takes 1 HOH molecule to break the bonds between 2 monosaccharides. VI. Lipids • lipids store energy + are found in the cell membrane • Examples: Fats, waxes, + oils • Triglycerides made of a glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acids glycerol (3 carbon molecule) fatty acids LIPIDS CONT’D A. Saturated fats (SOLID) • when the 3 fatty acids are lined up side by side – no carbon-carbon double bonds -carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains are filled (saturated) with hydrogen atoms • EX. Butter, lard, chocolate, coconut oil, beef • raise blood cholesterol level • usually solid at room temperature LIPIDS CONT’D B. Unsaturated fats (FLUID) • when the 3 fatty acids are spread apart and have kinks in them because the C atoms are not filled with H atoms – have carbon-carbon double bonds • liquid at room temp. • EX. Olive oil, canola oil, peanuts, fish oil • unsaturated fats can be made into saturated fats by adding H atoms Phospholipids • Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phospholipid head • Main components of cell membranes VII. Proteins • made of chains of amino acids • most proteins have about 100 amino acids that are coiled around each other so they look globby • humans use about 20 different kinds of amino acids • Proteins are used for cell growth, repair, and maintenance • Sometimes must be coupled with other proteins to work Amino acid structure • 4 parts: – 1. Central carbon atom –2. an amino group (NH2) –3. a carboxyl group (COOH) –4. an “R” group – there are about 2O different amino acids, each with a different R group. –Amino acids may contain C, H,O, N, and S Protein Structure • 2 connected amino acids make a dipeptide • A protein is also called a polypeptide chain Types of proteins 1. Globular proteins - twisted and folded. EX. Hemoglobin (blood protein that picks up O2) 2. Collagen - fibrous protein that makes up cartilage, skin, bones, tendons 3. Keratin - hair, feathers, rhino + giraffe horns, finger nails 4. Enzymes – special type of proteins that speed up chemical reactions • Enzymes are called “biological catalysts.” • They speed up reactions. • They are not broken down during the reaction • Enzymes are specific! – each reaction needs its own enzyme. VIII. Nucleic acids • Made of subunits called nucleotides which are grouped into units called genes 1. DNA - made up 2 coiling strands called a double helix (which looks like a twisted ladder (see next slide -->) • provides the genetic code for making proteins • exists in the cell as compact bodies called chromosomes Double Helix NUCLEIC ACIDS CONT’D 2. RNA • Ribonucleic acid • 3 kinds help DNA build proteins: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA • Decodes DNA messages into amino acid sequences • single stranded RNA