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Basic Chemistry
PART B
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
 Organic compounds
 Contain carbon
 Most are covalently bonded
 Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
 Inorganic compounds
 Lack carbon
 Tend to be simpler compounds
 Example: H2O (water)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
 Water
 Most abundant inorganic compounds
 Vital properties
 High heat capacity
 Polarity/solvent properties
 Chemical reactivity
 Cushioning
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
 Salts
 Easily dissociate into ions in the presence
of water
 Vital to many body functions
 Include electrolytes which conduct
electrical currents
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Important Inorganic Compounds
 Acids
 Can release detectable hydrogen ions
 Bases
 Proton acceptors
 Neutralization reaction
 Acids and bases react to form water and a
salt
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
pH
 Measures relative
concentration of
hydrogen ions
 pH 7 = neutral
 pH below 7 =
acidic
 pH above 7 = basic
 Buffers: chemicals
that can regulate
pH change
Figure 2.11
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Include sugars and starches
 Classified according to size
 Monosaccharides – simple sugars
 Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by
dehydration synthesis
 Polysaccharides – long branching chains of
linked simple sugars
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carbohydrates
 The cell membrane does not allow larger
sugars to cross
 All sugars must be broken down
(hydrolysis) into glucose in order to cross
cell membrane
 When the body builds larger sugars
(disaccharides, polysaccharides), then
dehydration synthesis or condensation
reactions need to occur
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carbohydrates
 Polysaccharides – 2 types are of bodily
importance:
 Starches – plant material (carrots,
potatoes)
 Glycogen – animal tissues like muscles
and liver
 Goal of most carbohydrates – formation of
ATP which is the cell’s energy currency
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Carbohydrates
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DISACCHARIDES ANIMATION
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Figure 2.12a–b
Carbohydrates
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POLYSACCHARIDES ANIMATION
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Figure 2.12c
Important Organic Compounds
 Lipids
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
 Insoluble in water
 From Marbled Meats, Oils, Milk Products,
and egg yolks
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LIPIDS ANIMATION
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Lipids
 Common lipids in the human body
 Neutral fats (triglycerides)
 Found in fat deposits
 Composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol
 Source of stored energy
 Saturated – all carbon are single-bonded
 Unsaturated – carbons are double or triple
bonded
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
 Common lipids in the human body (continued)
 Phospholipids
 Form cell membranes (selective permeability)
 Steroids
 Most important is cholesterol
 Too much with saturated fats can lead to:
 atherosclerosis (deposits of fats on artery)
 arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
 Others include bile salts, vitamin D, and some
hormones
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
Figure 2.14a–b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cholesterol
 The basis for all steroids made in the body
Figure 2.14c
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
 Proteins
 Made of amino acids
 Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur
 Two Types of Proteins
 Fibrous – used for structural building in the body
 Ex. Collagen (bones, cartilage, etc) and Keratin
(skin and hair)
 Globular (aka functional)– spherical in shape,
mobile in the body and they carry out bodily
functions
 Ex. Enzymes (catalysts), hormones, and
molecules like hemoglobin (oxygen binding)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Protein Animations
 Click below to explore the levels of protein
structure
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INTRODUCTION TO PROTEIN STRUCTURE
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CHEMISTRY OF LIFE© PROTEINS: PRIMARY STRUCTURE
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CHEMISTRY OF LIFE© PROTEINS: SECONDARY STRUCTURE
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CHEMISTRY OF LIFE© PROTEINS: TERTIARY STRUCTURE
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CHEMISTRY OF LIFE© PROTEINS: QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Proteins
 Account for over half of the body’s organic
matter
 Provides for construction materials for
body tissues (fibrous)
 Plays a vital role in cell function (globular)
 Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
 pH balance crucial for protein functions
 Ex. Too much acid – hemoglobin cannot bind to
oxygen, too much base – pepsin in stomach
becomes inactivated
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE© PROTEINS: ENZYME ANIMATION
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Enzymes
 Act as biological catalysts
 Increase the rate of chemical reactions
 All end is suffix –ase, usually named for the
reactions they catalyze
Figure 2.17
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
 Nucleic Acids
 Provide blueprint of life and facilitate protein
synthesis
 Nucleotide bases
 A = Adenine
 G = Guanine
 C = Cytosine
 T = Thymine
 U = Uracil
 Make DNA and RNA
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nucleic Acids
 Nucleotide – subunit of all nucleic acids
 Nitrogen base
 Five carbon sugar
 Phosphate group
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nucleic Acids
 Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
 Organized by
complementary bases
to form double helix
 Replicates before cell
division
 Provides instruction
for every protein in
the body
Figure 2.18c
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 Chemical energy used by all cells
 Energy is released by breaking high
energy phosphate bond
 ATP is replenished by oxidation of food
fuels
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.19a
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How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Figure 2.20
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