Download EOC_PPT_Review

Scientific Method
Vocabulary
• Scientific Method -
Vocabulary
• Journal – a specialized publication
– Science, Journal of Functional Morphology
• Peer reviewed – Work is investigated by scientists for
accuracy and validity
• Inductive reasoning – use your observations to form
a hypothesis
– Every time you throw a ball up it comes down. You
hypothesize that it will come down every time it is thrown up.
• Deductive reasoning – use a general truth to form an
hypothesis
– Newton’s Theory of Gravitation says what must come up
must come down so the ball will come down every time.
Vocabulary
• Independent variable – What is being
manipulated during the experiment
• Dependant variable – changes in response to
the independent variable. Usually the thing
being measured.
• Control – All the other factors in your
experiment that you try to keep constant.
• Qualitative data – observations made with
senses
• Quantitative data – measurements
• Model – a mathematical description on an event
Identify the statement below that can
be answered in a scientific way.
A. Apples are more delicious than
pears
B. Snails are beautiful invertebrates
C. Diamonds are the most valuable
substance on Earth
D. Romaine lettuce is more
nutritious than iceberg lettuce
How are scientific questions
answered?
A. By making an educated guess
only
B. Through observation, testing,
and analysis
C. By researching the topic and
analyzing experiments of others
D. Through experimentation only
What is a hypothesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
An educated guess
A natural phenomena
Something seen of heard
A scientific experiment
How are theories developed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
By making observation with the 5
senses
Bt thinking of one scientific
hypothesis
Through scientific predictions
Through many consistent and
supportable tests
Identify the statement below that is an
observation.
A. Because of the technological
innovations in fishing, humans
have over fished many species
and so extinctions in the ocean
have risen
B. If a caterpillar is fed a diet high in
milkweed, then predators will
avoid it as an adult
C. Gardenia bushes are very
fragrant
D. How fast can a cheetah run?
What is the first step in the
scientific process?
A. Performing research
B. Forming a hypothesis
C. Surfing the internet
D. Making an observation
Identify the most subjective
statement below.
A. A Dodge Ram pickup gets about
24 miles to the gallon
B. Hummingbirds are the most
beautiful kind of birds
C. Seven grams of CuSO4 are
needed for this experiment
D. The swimming pool holds 451
gallons of water
Which of the following is
evidence?
A. Building a car from a kit
B. In 2005, there were 2 million
square miles of artic sea ice
C. By the year 2055, air pollution
levels will become toxic to
humans
D. Because moths have an open
circulatory system, the require
warm temperatures for flight
Erica wants to test the effect of pH on
frog eggs. She places some eggs in a
neutral pH, some eggs in a pH of 3,
and some eggs in a pH of 11. She will
observe the tadpoles develop into
adult frogs and see which group
develops faster. What is her
hypothesis?
A. Tadpoles develop into adult frogs
over a period of several weeks
B. If tadpoles are raised in a pH of 7
they will develop into adult frogs at a
faster rate
C. Tadpoles raise in a pH of 11 took 10
weeks to fully develop
D. How does pH affect frog
development?
A model is used to make a:
A. Hypothesis
B. Conclusion
C. Prediction
D. Explanation
A judgment based on data gathered
in an experiment is:
A. A skill
B. A conclusion
C. A hypothesis
D. An observation
Large amounts f petrified wood are
found in northeast Arizona. Using
inductive reasoning, four inferences
are made. Which is most reasonable?
A. All wood becomes petrified
B. A living forest once stood there
C. No forests grew in other parts of
Arizona
D. Wood only becomes petrified in
northeast Arizona
Which of the following is most likely to
be a peer reviewed journal?
A. National Geographic
B. New England Journal of Medicine
C. Scientific American
D. Ladies Home Journal
Use the following
information to answer the
questions:
Keisha observes goldfish
in an outdoor pond. The
goldfish seem to be more
active when the weather is
warm than when it is cold.
She asks herself, ”How do
temperature changes
affect goldfish?”
If she were to do an
experiment, which of the
following would be the best
hypothesis to test?
A. Do goldfish like warm or cold
water?
B. Goldfish are more active in warm
water than cold water
C. Goldfish live in warm and cold
water
D. Temperature changes will kill
goldfish
What sort of variable would
temperature be in Keisha’s
experiment?
A. Independent
B. Dependant
C. Control
D. Responding
A hypothesis is checked
by:
A. Research in journals
B. Making A prediction
C. Experimentation
D. Researching the internet
Ryan noticed that his cola loses
its carbonation as it warms. He
knows that it is carbon dioxide
that causes cola to fizz. Ryan
decides to do a scientific
experiment to research this
phenomena. What is the next
step Ryan should take?
A. Ask a question
B. Draw a conclusion
C. Make an observation
D. Form a hypothesis
Andrika has learned that the hot water
in her house is always gone by
6:30am. She knows that this is
because her sisters and mother
always get to the shower before her.
She decides to experiment with her
morning routine to see if she can get
a hot shower in the morning. Over the
course of a week, she changes the
time she gets up, making it ten
minutes earlier each day. What is the
dependant variable in this
experiment?
A. The time she gets up
B. The volume of hot water her family
uses
C. The temperature of the water in
the hot water heater
D. The temperature of the water in
Andrika’s shower
Municipal Solid Waste is
what goes into landfills.
Basically, it is the garbage
we put out at the curb. It
can be divided up by type
as follows:
Category
Percentage
Rubber, leather and
cloth
7.3
Yard trimmings
13.1
Food scraps
11.7
Wood
5.7
Other
3.4
Metals
7.6
Paper
34.2
Plastics
11.9
Glass
5.2
What is the best way to
display this data?
A. Circle graph
B. Bar graph
C. Multiple line graph
D. Circle or bar graph
Which of the following
phrases contains
quantitative data?
A. Green leaves surround white
flowers
B. Ricky’s football jersey is
number 85
C. Seeds sprout more quickly
when it is warm
D. Water evaporates at a rate of
2mL per minute
Scientific Measurement
Erlenmeyer flask
Graduated
cylinder
Tongs
Bunsen burner
Pipettes
Caliper
Which of the following is
used as a source of heat in
the laboratory?
A. Thermometer
B. Bunsen burner
C. Thermostat
D. Gasoline
Which has specific
markings for measurement
and is used to accurately
measure liquid volume?
A. Test tube
B. Beaker
C. Ruler
D. Graduated cylinder
Which of the following pieces of
equipment is used to handle
liquids but is not intended for
accurate measurement?
A. Beaker
B. Test tube
C. Erlenmeyer flask
D. All of the above
If you were instructed to heat
something on the Bunsen
burner, you would need to set
your container on a _____ to
hold your container over the
burner.
A. Watch glass
B. Hotplate
C. A piece of wire gauze held by a
tripod
D. Petri dish
Which material would you
use a caliper to measure
the width of?
A. A cube of Jello
B. A cube of sugar
C. A cube of butter
D. A pea
Which piece of equipment
would be most appropriate
for determining the mass
of a lead brick?
A. A beaker
B. A analytical balance
C. A triple beam balance
D. A hot plate
Cells and Cellular Transport
• All living things (organisms) share the
following characteristics
– Cells
– Response to stimuli
– Growth
– Homeostasis
– Reproduction
– Metabolism
– Adaptation
Vocab
• Cells – Basic unit of life that makes up all living things
– Multicellular – many cells
– Unicellular – one cell
• Homeostasis – Ability to maintain a stable internal
environment suitable for life.
• Reproduction – Organisms can reproduce either
sexually or asexually
– Sexual – 2 organisms create offspring
– Asexual – one organism can create offspring on it’s own
• Metabolism – sum of all chemical reactions within an
organism. (A way to extract energy from the
environment)
Life Processes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nutrition
Digestion
Absorption
Transport
Biosynthesis
Secretion
Respiration
Excretion
Response
Reproduction
Photosynthesis
Which is NOT a characteristic of life?
A. Reproduction
B. Homeostasis
C. Sensitivity
D. Transport
Which of the following is an example
of how organisms maintain
homeostasis?
A. A damaged skin cell dividing into
newer skin cells
B. A human shivering in the cold
weather
C. A crow learning to retrieve a food
reward in a laboratory
experiment
D. Finches in the Galapagos
developing different types of
beaks
A runner eats a large pasta dinner the
night before a big race. In this
example, which characteristic of life is
the runner using to help her win the
race?
A. Digestion
B. Homeostasis
C. Sensitivity
D. Metabolism
How are life processes different from
characteristics of life?
A. Life processes are the specific
actions that help organisms
maintain characteristics of life
B. Characteristics of life are the
specific actions that help
organisms maintain life processes
C. Only organisms that show
characteristics of life carryout life
processes
D. Life processes and characteristics
are the same
Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells
• All cells come from other living cells
• Cells are the basic unit of living things
Cellular Hierarchy
• Cells (Heart Cell)-> Tissues (Cardiac tissue) ->
Organs (Heart) -> Organ system (Circulatory
system)
Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Cells
• Bacteria
• Smaller
• No nucleus – loose
DNA
• No membrane bound
organelles
– Only have:
•
•
•
•
•
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Loose DNA
Cytoplasm
•
•
•
•
Animal and Plant
Larger
Nucleus
Membrane bound
organelles
Plant cells vs. Animal cells
•
•
•
•
Cell wall
Large vacuole
Chloroplasts
No centrioles
•
•
•
•
•
No cell wall
Small vacuole
No chloroplasts
Centrioles
Lysosomes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Organelle Functions
Cell Wall – Rigid, provides shape and support
Chloroplasts – photosynthesis
Vacuoles – food and water storage
Cell membrane – allows some molecules in while keeping
others out
Golgi bodies – packaging and distribution
Mitochondria – make energy, cellular respiration
Mirofilaments/tubules – Move cell parts
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – Transport of proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Nucleus – holds DNA
Nuclear Envelope – surrounds nucleus and has pores
Ribosomes – make proteins
Centrioles – Used in cell reproduction
Lysosomes – Sac with enzymes for digestion
Cilia/ Flagella – Movement
Cytoplasm – Jelly-like substance organelles are floating in
The mitochondrion of the
cell:
A. Has only one membrane
B. Has no membrane
C. Is circular
D. Is where cellular respiration
occurs
Ribosomes:
A. Are the site of protein
synthesis
B. Are made by other
ribosomes
C. Have their own DNA
D. None of the above
A(n) ________ is a group of
different tissues that work
together to perform a certain
function.
A. Organ system
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. Organelle
Structures that support and
give shape to plant cells are:
A. Microbodies
B. Golgi bodies
C. Nucleus
D. Cell walls
Which of the following is
part of the cell theory? All
cells:
A. Are eukaryotic
B. Are prokaryotic
C. Have nuclei
D. Come from other cells
The storage of hereditary
information in a eukaryotic
cell is in the:
A. Cytoplasm
B. Nucleus
C. Centrioles
D. Lysosomes
Cellular Transport
• Solutions – a liquid mixture of solute and
solvent
– Solute – something being dissolved
– Solvent – What it is being dissolved in
Cell membrane
• Semi-permeable
• Phosphate heads
Passive Transport
•
•
•
Does not require energy
Molecules move from a higher concentration
to a lower concentration
Three kinds:
1. Osmosis – Molecules move from an area of high
concentration to an area of lower concentration in
WATER
2. Diffusion – molecules move directly through the
cell membrane
3. Facilitated Diffusion – Larger molecules need
the help of a carrier protein
• Hypertonic solution – has higher concentration
of solutes
• Isotonic – has equal amounts of solutes
• Hypotonic – has lower concentration of solutes
Active Transport
• Moves against gradient (From low to high
concentration)
• Uses energy (ATP) and proteins
• Types:
– Endocytosis – uses vesicles to bring substances
into the cell
– Exocytosis – Uses vesicles to remove substances
from the cell
The movement of
substances into and out of
a cell without the use of
energy is called:
A. Active transport
B. Passive transport
C. Exocytosis
D. Endocytosis
A cell placed in a solution
shrinks by the process of
osmosis. What kind of solution
is outside the cell?
A. Hypotonic
B. Hypertonic
C. Active
D. Isotonic
The movement of water across
a semi-permeable membrane
from an area of high water
concentration to an area of low
water concentration is called:
A. Active transport
B. Diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Hypotonic
If the solution surrounding a cell
has a lower concentration of
solutes than inside the cell,
water will move into the cell
through osmosis, causing it to
expand. What kind of solution is
surrounding the cell?
A. Active
B. Passive
C. Hypertonic
D. Hypotonic
In order to be classified as
living, an organism must
have:
A. A heart and lungs
B. The ability to nourish itself,
grow and reproduce
C. The ability to
photosynthesize and to
eliminate waste products
D. A true nucleus and nuclear
membrane
If a cell has a flagellum on it’s
surface, it is:
A. An animal cell
B. A plant cell
C. A viral cell
D. A diseased cell
________ are the main
products produced in a cell
A. Lipids
B. Amino acids
C. Proteins
D. Carbohydrates
A _______ is a type of cell
that has a true nucleus
A. Prokaryote
B. Eukaryote
C. Bacterium
D. Virus
If a plant cell is placed in distilled
water, it will:
A. Remain the same size
B. Shrink
C. Swell and eventually explode
D. Swell, but stop when the cell wall
prevents further expansion
When you perspire on a hot, humid
day, drinking water will restore
______ in your body.
A. Substances
B. Oxygen
C. Homeostasis
D. Proteins
The process by which food is taken
into the cell is called:
A. Nourishment
B. Resuscitation
C. Absorption
D. Nutrition
The ability of the cell to rid itself
of waste products is called:
A. Excretion
B. Elimination
C. Voiding
D. Absorption
Two structures found in plant
cells that are not in animal cells
are the:
A. Mitochondria and
ribosomes
B. Cell wall and plastids
C. Cell membrane and
centrioles
D. Nucleolus and endoplasmic
reticulum
When more water goes in through a
cell membrane than out of it, the
solution around the membrane is:
A. Isotonic
B. Hypotonic
C. Permeable
D. Hypertonic
Amoebas obtain food by wrapping
the cell membrane around the food
particle, creating a vesicle. The food
is then brought into the cell. This
process is called:
A. Exocytosis
B. Endocytosis
C. Osmosis
D. Photosynthesis
Which organelle is the site of protein
synthesis?
A. Plastid
B. Ribosome
C. Nucleolus
D. Mitochondrion
Groups of cells that perform the
same function are collectively
known as:
A. Plastids
B. Tissues
C. Organs
D. Molecules
Prokaryotic cells have no:
A. Nucleus
B. Energy exchange
C. Cell membrane
D. Metabolism
Organic Molecules
Chemistry of the Cell
• Element - type of matter made of only on kind
of atom, can not be broken down into simpler
structure
– Common elements : Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen (SPONCH)
• Organic molecule – contains carbon, carbon is
in ALL living things
• Inorganic molecule – Molecules without carbon
Bonds
• Energy is stored in the bonds between
atoms
• Covalent bonds – sharing electrons
• Ionic bond – attraction through opposite
charges
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
C-C bond is nonpolar covalent
Four Main Types of Organic Compounds
Polymers
• Carbohydrates
– Polysaccarides
– Sugars, Cellulose, Starch
• Lipids (Fats)
Monomers
 Monosaccarides
•
glucose
• Fatty acid
– Waxes, Steriods, Trigycerides
• Proteins
– Polypeptides
• Nucleic acids
– DNA,RNA
• Amino acids – (20 kinds)
• Nucleotides
Testing for Organic Compounds
• Glucose –Bennedicts
• Starch – Iodine or Lugals
• Lipids
- Turns orange
with heat
– Turns Blue
– Brown paper bag – Grease present
• Proteins – Buirets
- Turns purple
What molecules make up
the bulk of a cell?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins
D. Water
Carbon is important to
living things because:
A. It metabolizes easily,
creating a quick energy
source
B. It is abundant on the
Earth’s surface
C. It can form 4 covalent
bonds with other atoms
D. It has 12 protons and
neutrons
Nucleotides are to nucleic acids
as amino acids are to:
A. DNA
B. Polypeptides
C. Proteins
D. Carbohydrates
Characteristics of Water
Polar Covalent Bonds – A covalent bond where
one atom pulls the electrons closer to it than the
other
+
-
+
Energy
• Free Energy – the energy available to do work,
stored in chemical bonds
• ATP – Adenosine triphosphate breaks down
into ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
• Cellular respiration – The process of breaking
down glucose to release the energy in it’s
bonds
Catalysts and Enzymes
• Activation Energy
– Amount of energy
needed to start a
reaction
• Catalyst – Speeds up a chemical reaction by
decreasing the activation energy
– Is not changed
– Can be reused
Enzymes
• Specific proteins that combine with substrates
to break them down quickly in living organisms.
– A catalyst
– End in –ase
Ex: Lipase, Maltase, Amylase
Factors That Effect Enzymes
• pH
• Temperature
• Enzyme concentration
• Most enzymes have an optimum point for
temperature and pH
– This is the point where the enzyme works best
(fastest)
Denature
ATP stands for:
A. Adenosine triphosphate
B. Adenine triphosphate
C. A triphosphate
D. None of the above
What are enzymes?
A. Catalysts used by living
things
B. Catalysts used in all
reactions
C. Chemicals used to increase
activation energy
D. Fats used by living things to
help speed up chemical
reactions
What type of bond is the result
of unequal sharing of
electrons?
A. Non-polar covalent bond
B. Polar covalent bond
C. Ionic non-polar bond
D. Ionic polar bond
Organic molecules most often
form using which type of bond?
A. Ionic bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Polar ionic bonds
D. Hydrogen bonds
LIGHT
Photosynthesis
• Takes place in chloroplasts (plastid) Goal of
photosynthesis is to make complex
carbohydrates like glucose, starch, and
cellulose
• 2 stages:
– Light-dependant - on the thylakoid membrane
– Light-independent (Calvin cycle) – In the stroma
Light-Dependant
• Sunlight hits plant and is absorbed by pigments
(Chlorophyll)
• Electrons get excited and go through electron
transport chain
• Water is split to get H+ and Oxygen is a waste
product
• Makes ATP and NADPH (used in light
independent reaction)
Light-independent Reaction
• Uses ATP and NADPH
• Carbon dioxide enters
the system
• Makes glucose by
turning the Calvin cycle
and extracting energy
from the ATP (turning it
into ADP) and H+ from
NADPH (turning it into
NADP+)
Cellular Respiration
• Process of breaking down food to get energy
– Used by plants animals and some bacteria
• 2 kinds:
– Aerobic
– Anaerobic
– when oxygen is present
– when oxygen is absent
Aerobic Respiration
3 phases:
1. Gycolysis (in cytoplasm) – breaks down
glucose to make Pyruvic ATP and NADH
2. Krebs cycle (in mitochondria) - take pyruvic
and put it into the cycle, cycle produces 2
ATP's, 8 NADH's, 2FADH2's and carbon
dioxide
3. Electron transport - creates a gradient which
is used to produce ATP, produces 32 ATP's
Makes 36 ATPs total! Most Efficient!
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Anaerobic Respiration =
Fermentation
• Breakdown of sugar without oxygen
– Muscle cells, fungi, and some bacteria (yeast)
• Start with glycolysis and then either make
alcohol or lactic acid
What form of energy is
used by cells?
A. Enzymes
B. Cofactors
C. ATP
D. DNA
The process of releasing
energy from the chemical
breakdown of compounds
in a cell is:
A. Hesitation
B. Expiration
C. Elimination
D. Respiration
What is released when ATP is
broken down into ADP and one
phosphate?
A. Oxygen
B. Water
C. Energy
D. Hydrogen
The Krebs cycle and the
electron transport chain phases
of cellular respiration take place
in which organelle?
A. Nucleus
B. Cytoplasm
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion
The process by which
energy from the sun is
used to create glucose
molecules is known as:
A. Cellular respiration
B. Photosynthesis
C. Chemosynthesis
D. Fermentation
How does a plastid
function within a cell?
A. Digest food and break
down wastes
B. Produce proteins
C. Carry on cellular respiration
D. Carry out photosynthesis
and provide color
What do complex
carbohydrates break down
into?
A. Enzymes
B. Amino acids
C. Simple sugars
D. ATP
Which of the following
biomolecules are fat molecules
that store energy?
A. Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Lipids
Which of the following
elements can be found in
all living and previously
living organisms?
A. Helium
B. Sulfur
C. Carbon
D. Nitrogen
Which biomolecule is a
polymer assembled from
some combination of the
20 amino acids?
A. Lipids
B. DNA
C. Protein
D. Nucleotide
Which proteins in the cell speed
up chemical reactions?
A. Lipids
B. DNA
C. Enzymes
D. Glucose
Cellular respiration takes place
inside which type(s) of cell(s)?
A. An animal cell only
B. A plant cell only
C. Both plant and animal cells
D. Neither plant or animal cells
The chemical energy
supply for all living cells is
contained in a molecule that,
when broken down, releases
the energy so that it may be
used for activities such as
muscle contractions,
photosynthesis and
locomotion. Which molecule
is a storehouse of energy?
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. RNA
D. ADP
To obtain and use cellular
energy, plant cells use
which process below?
A. Photosynthesis only
B. Photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
C. Cellular respiration only
D. Chemosynthesis
How is cellular energy
stored?
A. Chemical bonds
B. Enzymes
C. Membrane potential
D. Protein shapes
Pepsin, a digestive
enzyme in the human
stomach, has an optimum
pH that can be described
as:
A. Basic
B. Neutral
C. Acidic
D. Very acidic
What are the main
product(s) of the cell?
A. Lipids
B. Amino acids
C. Proteins
D. Carbohydrates
Which of the following foods represents the
largest source of protein?
A. Potato chips
B. Oranges
C. Chicken
D. Cauliflower
What are the largest carbohydrates called?
A. Monosaccharides
B. Disaccharides
C. Oligosaccharides
D. Polysaccharides
What chemical is used to test for starch?
A. Iodine
B. Brown paper bag
C. Phenylpthalein
D. Sodium hydroxide
Nucleic Acids and Cell Division
•
•
•
•
DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
Found in nucleus
Carried the genetic code for ALL organisms
Shape = double helix
DNA Structure
• DNA is composed of
strands of nucleotides
• A nucleotides is
composed of:
– 5 carbon sugar
– Phosphate
– One Nitrogen Base
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Thymine
• Cytosine
Complementary Pairs
• A–T
• C–G
Protein Synthesis
Using genes, which are pieces of DNA that code for
specific proteins, to assemble proteins.
1. DNA must be copied in the nucleus of the cell into
mRNA
1. DNA can not fit through the nuclear pore – It is double
stranded while mRNA is single stranded
2. The single stranded mRNA leaves the nucleus
through the nuclear pore and moves to a ribosome
3. tRNA carrying amino acids attaches to the
complimentary bases on the mRNA
4. The amino acids form a chain that folds up into a
protein
Protein synthesis
• Transcription – transcribing DNA into
mRNA
• Translation – mRNA is translated by tRNA
into a strand of amino acids or a protein
• Codon – 3 nucleotide codon on mRNA
• Anticodon - 3 nucleotide codon on tRNA
http://www.teachersdomain.org/search/?mode=refi
ned&results_to_show=10&query=protein+sysnthe
sis&lower_grade=K&upper_grade=12&media_typ
es=video&media_types=audio&media_types=inter
active&media_types=image&media_types=docum
ent&media_types=lesson_plan&media_types=stu
dent_activity&oer_level=0
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/d
na/#
Protein synthesis begins
with the manufacture of a
molecule of:
A. mRNA
B. rRNA
C. tRNA
D. Nucleotide
Which of the following is the
last step in protein synthesis?
A. tRNA bonds to an amino
acid in the cytoplasm
B. The stop codon binds to the
ribosome and the
polypeptide is released
C. DNA unravels to expose a
gene segment
D. mRNA bonds to tRNA
Proteins are made up of polypeptide
chains. Polypeptide chains are
composed of:
A. mRNA
B. rRNA
C. tRNA
D. Amino acids
What does transfer RNA carry?
A. The mRNA to the ribosome
B. The nucleotide bases to the
mRNA
C. An amino acid to the ribosome
D. An amino acid to the cytoplasm
What are ribosomes made of?
A. mRNA
B. rRNA
C. tRNA
D. Nucleotide
Vocab
• Somatic cells – Body cells
• Gametes – Sex cells (Egg and sperm)
• Haploid – Single set of chromosomes
– 23 in humans
• Diploid – Sets of chromosomes
– 46 in humans
• Homologous chromosomes – matched pairs
• DNA helicase – unzips DNA
• DNA polymerase – attaches new nucleotides during
DNA replication
• Stem Cells- Cells that can produce any kind of cell
The Cell Cycle
Variation
• 2n = number of possible
varieties of cells from a
set number of
chromosomes
• Ex A plant cell has 3
chromosomes
• Number of possible
varieties = 23 or 8
All body cells, except the sperm and
the ova are _____ cells.
A. Germ
B. Reproductive
C. Somatic
D. Spindle
The type of nuclear division that
produces gametes is:
A. Meiosis
B. Cytokinesis
C. Interphase
D. Mitosis
A type of nuclear division that takes
place in somatic cells is:
A. Meiosis
B. Cytokinesis
C. Interphase
D. Mitosis
When DNA is in long strands
prior to coiling, it is in the form
of:
A. Chromosomes
B. Centromeres
C. Chromatin
D. Chromatids
The length of time it takes for a
cell to complete the cell cycle
is:
A. Around 2 hours
B. Different for each cell
C. The same for each kind of
cell
D. Around 2 minutes
In fertilization, gametes
fuse to form a(n)
A. Embryo
B. Somatic cell
C. Zygote
D. Reproductive cell
In the DNA molecule, guanine
pairs with another base called:
A. Quinine
B. Riboflavin
C. Cytosine
D. Thymine
Stem cells are:
A. Cells that can produce any
kind of offspring cell
B. Cells that contain stem
structures used in
reproduction
C. Haploid cells that can
produce any type of
offspring cell
D. Found only in plant cells
What are the long strands of
DNA made of?
A. Elastic rubber bases
B. Sugar nucleotides and
potassium
C. Sugar, phosphates, and
nitrogenous bases
D. Oxygen and nucleotides
What are the sections of
DNA that resemble rungs
on a latter called?
A. Genetic codes
B. Reprocessors
C. Base pairs
D. Lipid pairs
Meiosis is a type of cell division
that:
A. Leads to genetic mutation
B. Causes deformity
C. Is necessary for sexual
reproduction
D. Causes alleles to deform
What does mitosis
generate?
A. Daughter cells identical to
the mother cell
B. Many reproductive cells
C. Diseased cells
D. Gametes
DNA can make exact copies of
itself. What is this process
known as?
A. Translation
B. Duplication
C. Replication
D. Transcription
A type of cellular
reproduction when the
nuclear division of somatic
cells takes place is:
A. Meiosis
B. Cytokinesis
C. Interphase
D. Mitosis
When preparing for cell
division, the chromatin
condenses and becomes
which of the following?
A. Gene
B. Chromosome
C. Protein
D. Codon
Which molecule transports the
code of information from DNA
to the ribosome?
A. tRNA
B. rRNA
C. mRNA
D. An amino acid
What is the process in which
paired twin chromosomes
exchange pieces of DNA during
meiosis called?
A. Crossing over
B. Fertilization
C. Self pollination
D. Replication
During translation adenine
on mRNA will pair with
which base on tRNA?
A. Uracil
B. Guanine
C. Cytosine
D. Thymine
What is the correct term to
refer to the number of
chromosomes in a
gamete?
A. Chromatin
B. Haploid
C. Heterozygous
D. Diploid
A fruit fly has a haploid number
of 4 chromosomes. How many
possible distributions of
chromosomes can occur in it’s
homologous pairs?
A. 4
B. 8
C. 16
D. 254
Heredity - vocab
• Alleles – different forms of a gene
• Genotype – alleles inherited
• Phenotype – the physical expression of the genotype
Complete dominance
• Dominant gene – Trait that is expresses if one or more
allele is present (TT, Tt)
• Recessive gene – trait that is expressed only if two
alleles are present (tt)
• Homozygous – two of the same alleles for a trait (TT,
tt)
• Heterozygous – two different alleles (Tt)
Complete Dominance
• Find the genotype and phenotype for each
• G = green g = yellow Cross GG with Gg
• H = Hairy h = bald
Cross Hh with HH
• E = Ear lobes attached e = unattached
Cross Ee with Ee
Incomplete Dominance
• Has an intermediate
• Blending of dominant
and recessive
phenotype of the
heterozygous
genotype
• What is the genotypic
and phenotypic ratio?
Codominance
• Both traits show
up in the
heterozygous
genotype
Multiple Allele Crosses
Classification
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• Carl LinnaeusBinomial
nomenclature
• Homo sapiens
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Prokaryotic bacteria living in harsh
environments
• Anaerobic
• Classified according to environment
– Thermoacudophiles – acidic sulfur springs in yellow
stone park
Kingdom Eubacteria
•
•
•
•
True bacteria
Single celled or clustered to form colonies
DNA in a plasmid
3 feeding strategies
– Heterotrophs
– Autotrophs
– Chemotrophs
• Found everywhere, most are harmless
– Make yogurt, cheese, vinegar
• Decomposers
• Asexual reproduction – binary fission
Which of the following
groups of categories is
listed from broadest to
most specific?
A. Family, order, class
B. Phylum, class, kingdom
C. Order, family, genus
D. Genus, family, species
The two part system used
to name organisms is
called?
A. Dual identification
B. Binomial nomenclature
C. Double nomenclature
D. Linnaean nomenclature
Organisms that obtain their
energy from feeding on living
organisms, dead organisms, or
organic waste are:
A. Autotrophs
B. Heterotrophs
C. Chemotrophs
D. Plants
Kingdom Protista
•
•
•
•
Uni and multicellular
Eukaryotic
Can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like
Plant-like – Algae, Euglenas
– Produce most of the oxygen on Earth
• Animal- like – Protozoa (Ameoba)
–
–
–
–
Have cilia and flagella
Reproduction by binary fission
Some may cause disease ex - malaria
Some have pseudopods – false feet
• Fungus-like – Slime molds, mildew
– decomposers
All algae are:
A. Autotrophs
B. Heterotrophs
C. Decomposers
D. Ciliates
Why are algae important?
A. They create color on
Earth
B. They produce the most
nitrogen on Earth
C. They are decomposers
D. They produce most of
the oxygen on Earth
Fungus-like protists are:
A. Decomposers
B. Autotrophs
C. Consumers
D. Producers
Kingdom Fungi
• Heterotrophic
• Decomposers or Saprophytes - live in or on
matter that they decompose
• Sexual reproduction - Reproductive cells are
called spores produced by the fruiting body (the
mushroom you see)
• Asexual reproduction – Budding (a [piece
detaches and continues to live)
• Mold, yeast, mushrooms, lichen
• Penicillium – flavors cheese and is derived into
Penicillin
Fungi secrete enzymes to:
A. Breakdown materials so
that they can absorb them
B. Catalyze chemical
reactions in the air
C. Help photosynthesis take
place by activating
plasmids
D. None of the above
Examples of fungi include:
A. Dinoflagellates and algae
B. Cyanobacteria and monera
C. Mushrooms and yeast
D. Sporozoa and sarcodines
Kingdom Plantae
•
•
•
•
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Photosynthesis
Alternation of generations – two distinct
generations
– Gametophyte – sexual phase, pollen (hapliod)
– Sporophyte – asexual phase, spores (diploid)
Non-Vascular Plants
• Lack tissues to transport water and sugars
– No true root system
• Ex Bryophytes – mosses and liverworts
• Live in moist habitats
• Leaves have cuticle – waxing covering to help
retain moisture
Vascular Plants
• Have tube-like structures for the transport
of water and sugars (Vascular tissue)
– Xylem – move water from roots
– Phloem – move starch and sugar from leaves
• Have a root system
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Ex ferns
• Produce spores
• Need moist
environment because
they have an aquatic
stage
Fronds
Vascular Seed Bearing
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
• Non-flowering, produce cones, needle like
leaves
• Ex conifers – pine trees
• Have male and female cones
• Pollen transported by wind from male
cones to female cones
Angiosperms
• Flowering plants, have roots, stems, leaves,
and seeds
• Deciduous
• Seeds are found in a fruit
Monocots Vs Dicots
Based on the number of cotyledons the seed has
Cotyledons are seed leafs that provide nutrition to
the developing seed
Monocots
• One cotyledon
• Parallel veins in their
leaves
• Fibrous root system
• Floral part arranged on
3s or 5s
• Ex – Grasses, palms,
lilies, orchids
Dicots
• Two Cotyledons
• Net-veined leaves
• Taproot system
• Floral parts arranged in
4s or 5s
• Ex – roses, melons,
beans