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Scientific Method Vocabulary • Scientific Method - Vocabulary • Journal – a specialized publication – Science, Journal of Functional Morphology • Peer reviewed – Work is investigated by scientists for accuracy and validity • Inductive reasoning – use your observations to form a hypothesis – Every time you throw a ball up it comes down. You hypothesize that it will come down every time it is thrown up. • Deductive reasoning – use a general truth to form an hypothesis – Newton’s Theory of Gravitation says what must come up must come down so the ball will come down every time. Vocabulary • Independent variable – What is being manipulated during the experiment • Dependant variable – changes in response to the independent variable. Usually the thing being measured. • Control – All the other factors in your experiment that you try to keep constant. • Qualitative data – observations made with senses • Quantitative data – measurements • Model – a mathematical description on an event Identify the statement below that can be answered in a scientific way. A. Apples are more delicious than pears B. Snails are beautiful invertebrates C. Diamonds are the most valuable substance on Earth D. Romaine lettuce is more nutritious than iceberg lettuce How are scientific questions answered? A. By making an educated guess only B. Through observation, testing, and analysis C. By researching the topic and analyzing experiments of others D. Through experimentation only What is a hypothesis? A. B. C. D. An educated guess A natural phenomena Something seen of heard A scientific experiment How are theories developed? A. B. C. D. By making observation with the 5 senses Bt thinking of one scientific hypothesis Through scientific predictions Through many consistent and supportable tests Identify the statement below that is an observation. A. Because of the technological innovations in fishing, humans have over fished many species and so extinctions in the ocean have risen B. If a caterpillar is fed a diet high in milkweed, then predators will avoid it as an adult C. Gardenia bushes are very fragrant D. How fast can a cheetah run? What is the first step in the scientific process? A. Performing research B. Forming a hypothesis C. Surfing the internet D. Making an observation Identify the most subjective statement below. A. A Dodge Ram pickup gets about 24 miles to the gallon B. Hummingbirds are the most beautiful kind of birds C. Seven grams of CuSO4 are needed for this experiment D. The swimming pool holds 451 gallons of water Which of the following is evidence? A. Building a car from a kit B. In 2005, there were 2 million square miles of artic sea ice C. By the year 2055, air pollution levels will become toxic to humans D. Because moths have an open circulatory system, the require warm temperatures for flight Erica wants to test the effect of pH on frog eggs. She places some eggs in a neutral pH, some eggs in a pH of 3, and some eggs in a pH of 11. She will observe the tadpoles develop into adult frogs and see which group develops faster. What is her hypothesis? A. Tadpoles develop into adult frogs over a period of several weeks B. If tadpoles are raised in a pH of 7 they will develop into adult frogs at a faster rate C. Tadpoles raise in a pH of 11 took 10 weeks to fully develop D. How does pH affect frog development? A model is used to make a: A. Hypothesis B. Conclusion C. Prediction D. Explanation A judgment based on data gathered in an experiment is: A. A skill B. A conclusion C. A hypothesis D. An observation Large amounts f petrified wood are found in northeast Arizona. Using inductive reasoning, four inferences are made. Which is most reasonable? A. All wood becomes petrified B. A living forest once stood there C. No forests grew in other parts of Arizona D. Wood only becomes petrified in northeast Arizona Which of the following is most likely to be a peer reviewed journal? A. National Geographic B. New England Journal of Medicine C. Scientific American D. Ladies Home Journal Use the following information to answer the questions: Keisha observes goldfish in an outdoor pond. The goldfish seem to be more active when the weather is warm than when it is cold. She asks herself, ”How do temperature changes affect goldfish?” If she were to do an experiment, which of the following would be the best hypothesis to test? A. Do goldfish like warm or cold water? B. Goldfish are more active in warm water than cold water C. Goldfish live in warm and cold water D. Temperature changes will kill goldfish What sort of variable would temperature be in Keisha’s experiment? A. Independent B. Dependant C. Control D. Responding A hypothesis is checked by: A. Research in journals B. Making A prediction C. Experimentation D. Researching the internet Ryan noticed that his cola loses its carbonation as it warms. He knows that it is carbon dioxide that causes cola to fizz. Ryan decides to do a scientific experiment to research this phenomena. What is the next step Ryan should take? A. Ask a question B. Draw a conclusion C. Make an observation D. Form a hypothesis Andrika has learned that the hot water in her house is always gone by 6:30am. She knows that this is because her sisters and mother always get to the shower before her. She decides to experiment with her morning routine to see if she can get a hot shower in the morning. Over the course of a week, she changes the time she gets up, making it ten minutes earlier each day. What is the dependant variable in this experiment? A. The time she gets up B. The volume of hot water her family uses C. The temperature of the water in the hot water heater D. The temperature of the water in Andrika’s shower Municipal Solid Waste is what goes into landfills. Basically, it is the garbage we put out at the curb. It can be divided up by type as follows: Category Percentage Rubber, leather and cloth 7.3 Yard trimmings 13.1 Food scraps 11.7 Wood 5.7 Other 3.4 Metals 7.6 Paper 34.2 Plastics 11.9 Glass 5.2 What is the best way to display this data? A. Circle graph B. Bar graph C. Multiple line graph D. Circle or bar graph Which of the following phrases contains quantitative data? A. Green leaves surround white flowers B. Ricky’s football jersey is number 85 C. Seeds sprout more quickly when it is warm D. Water evaporates at a rate of 2mL per minute Scientific Measurement Erlenmeyer flask Graduated cylinder Tongs Bunsen burner Pipettes Caliper Which of the following is used as a source of heat in the laboratory? A. Thermometer B. Bunsen burner C. Thermostat D. Gasoline Which has specific markings for measurement and is used to accurately measure liquid volume? A. Test tube B. Beaker C. Ruler D. Graduated cylinder Which of the following pieces of equipment is used to handle liquids but is not intended for accurate measurement? A. Beaker B. Test tube C. Erlenmeyer flask D. All of the above If you were instructed to heat something on the Bunsen burner, you would need to set your container on a _____ to hold your container over the burner. A. Watch glass B. Hotplate C. A piece of wire gauze held by a tripod D. Petri dish Which material would you use a caliper to measure the width of? A. A cube of Jello B. A cube of sugar C. A cube of butter D. A pea Which piece of equipment would be most appropriate for determining the mass of a lead brick? A. A beaker B. A analytical balance C. A triple beam balance D. A hot plate Cells and Cellular Transport • All living things (organisms) share the following characteristics – Cells – Response to stimuli – Growth – Homeostasis – Reproduction – Metabolism – Adaptation Vocab • Cells – Basic unit of life that makes up all living things – Multicellular – many cells – Unicellular – one cell • Homeostasis – Ability to maintain a stable internal environment suitable for life. • Reproduction – Organisms can reproduce either sexually or asexually – Sexual – 2 organisms create offspring – Asexual – one organism can create offspring on it’s own • Metabolism – sum of all chemical reactions within an organism. (A way to extract energy from the environment) Life Processes • • • • • • • • • • • Nutrition Digestion Absorption Transport Biosynthesis Secretion Respiration Excretion Response Reproduction Photosynthesis Which is NOT a characteristic of life? A. Reproduction B. Homeostasis C. Sensitivity D. Transport Which of the following is an example of how organisms maintain homeostasis? A. A damaged skin cell dividing into newer skin cells B. A human shivering in the cold weather C. A crow learning to retrieve a food reward in a laboratory experiment D. Finches in the Galapagos developing different types of beaks A runner eats a large pasta dinner the night before a big race. In this example, which characteristic of life is the runner using to help her win the race? A. Digestion B. Homeostasis C. Sensitivity D. Metabolism How are life processes different from characteristics of life? A. Life processes are the specific actions that help organisms maintain characteristics of life B. Characteristics of life are the specific actions that help organisms maintain life processes C. Only organisms that show characteristics of life carryout life processes D. Life processes and characteristics are the same Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells • All cells come from other living cells • Cells are the basic unit of living things Cellular Hierarchy • Cells (Heart Cell)-> Tissues (Cardiac tissue) -> Organs (Heart) -> Organ system (Circulatory system) Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Cells • Bacteria • Smaller • No nucleus – loose DNA • No membrane bound organelles – Only have: • • • • • Cell wall Cell membrane Ribosomes Loose DNA Cytoplasm • • • • Animal and Plant Larger Nucleus Membrane bound organelles Plant cells vs. Animal cells • • • • Cell wall Large vacuole Chloroplasts No centrioles • • • • • No cell wall Small vacuole No chloroplasts Centrioles Lysosomes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Organelle Functions Cell Wall – Rigid, provides shape and support Chloroplasts – photosynthesis Vacuoles – food and water storage Cell membrane – allows some molecules in while keeping others out Golgi bodies – packaging and distribution Mitochondria – make energy, cellular respiration Mirofilaments/tubules – Move cell parts Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – Transport of proteins Nucleolus – makes ribosomes Nucleus – holds DNA Nuclear Envelope – surrounds nucleus and has pores Ribosomes – make proteins Centrioles – Used in cell reproduction Lysosomes – Sac with enzymes for digestion Cilia/ Flagella – Movement Cytoplasm – Jelly-like substance organelles are floating in The mitochondrion of the cell: A. Has only one membrane B. Has no membrane C. Is circular D. Is where cellular respiration occurs Ribosomes: A. Are the site of protein synthesis B. Are made by other ribosomes C. Have their own DNA D. None of the above A(n) ________ is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function. A. Organ system B. Organ C. Cell D. Organelle Structures that support and give shape to plant cells are: A. Microbodies B. Golgi bodies C. Nucleus D. Cell walls Which of the following is part of the cell theory? All cells: A. Are eukaryotic B. Are prokaryotic C. Have nuclei D. Come from other cells The storage of hereditary information in a eukaryotic cell is in the: A. Cytoplasm B. Nucleus C. Centrioles D. Lysosomes Cellular Transport • Solutions – a liquid mixture of solute and solvent – Solute – something being dissolved – Solvent – What it is being dissolved in Cell membrane • Semi-permeable • Phosphate heads Passive Transport • • • Does not require energy Molecules move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration Three kinds: 1. Osmosis – Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration in WATER 2. Diffusion – molecules move directly through the cell membrane 3. Facilitated Diffusion – Larger molecules need the help of a carrier protein • Hypertonic solution – has higher concentration of solutes • Isotonic – has equal amounts of solutes • Hypotonic – has lower concentration of solutes Active Transport • Moves against gradient (From low to high concentration) • Uses energy (ATP) and proteins • Types: – Endocytosis – uses vesicles to bring substances into the cell – Exocytosis – Uses vesicles to remove substances from the cell The movement of substances into and out of a cell without the use of energy is called: A. Active transport B. Passive transport C. Exocytosis D. Endocytosis A cell placed in a solution shrinks by the process of osmosis. What kind of solution is outside the cell? A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Active D. Isotonic The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration is called: A. Active transport B. Diffusion C. Osmosis D. Hypotonic If the solution surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell, water will move into the cell through osmosis, causing it to expand. What kind of solution is surrounding the cell? A. Active B. Passive C. Hypertonic D. Hypotonic In order to be classified as living, an organism must have: A. A heart and lungs B. The ability to nourish itself, grow and reproduce C. The ability to photosynthesize and to eliminate waste products D. A true nucleus and nuclear membrane If a cell has a flagellum on it’s surface, it is: A. An animal cell B. A plant cell C. A viral cell D. A diseased cell ________ are the main products produced in a cell A. Lipids B. Amino acids C. Proteins D. Carbohydrates A _______ is a type of cell that has a true nucleus A. Prokaryote B. Eukaryote C. Bacterium D. Virus If a plant cell is placed in distilled water, it will: A. Remain the same size B. Shrink C. Swell and eventually explode D. Swell, but stop when the cell wall prevents further expansion When you perspire on a hot, humid day, drinking water will restore ______ in your body. A. Substances B. Oxygen C. Homeostasis D. Proteins The process by which food is taken into the cell is called: A. Nourishment B. Resuscitation C. Absorption D. Nutrition The ability of the cell to rid itself of waste products is called: A. Excretion B. Elimination C. Voiding D. Absorption Two structures found in plant cells that are not in animal cells are the: A. Mitochondria and ribosomes B. Cell wall and plastids C. Cell membrane and centrioles D. Nucleolus and endoplasmic reticulum When more water goes in through a cell membrane than out of it, the solution around the membrane is: A. Isotonic B. Hypotonic C. Permeable D. Hypertonic Amoebas obtain food by wrapping the cell membrane around the food particle, creating a vesicle. The food is then brought into the cell. This process is called: A. Exocytosis B. Endocytosis C. Osmosis D. Photosynthesis Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis? A. Plastid B. Ribosome C. Nucleolus D. Mitochondrion Groups of cells that perform the same function are collectively known as: A. Plastids B. Tissues C. Organs D. Molecules Prokaryotic cells have no: A. Nucleus B. Energy exchange C. Cell membrane D. Metabolism Organic Molecules Chemistry of the Cell • Element - type of matter made of only on kind of atom, can not be broken down into simpler structure – Common elements : Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen (SPONCH) • Organic molecule – contains carbon, carbon is in ALL living things • Inorganic molecule – Molecules without carbon Bonds • Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms • Covalent bonds – sharing electrons • Ionic bond – attraction through opposite charges Ionic Bond Covalent Bond C-C bond is nonpolar covalent Four Main Types of Organic Compounds Polymers • Carbohydrates – Polysaccarides – Sugars, Cellulose, Starch • Lipids (Fats) Monomers Monosaccarides • glucose • Fatty acid – Waxes, Steriods, Trigycerides • Proteins – Polypeptides • Nucleic acids – DNA,RNA • Amino acids – (20 kinds) • Nucleotides Testing for Organic Compounds • Glucose –Bennedicts • Starch – Iodine or Lugals • Lipids - Turns orange with heat – Turns Blue – Brown paper bag – Grease present • Proteins – Buirets - Turns purple What molecules make up the bulk of a cell? A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Water Carbon is important to living things because: A. It metabolizes easily, creating a quick energy source B. It is abundant on the Earth’s surface C. It can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms D. It has 12 protons and neutrons Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as amino acids are to: A. DNA B. Polypeptides C. Proteins D. Carbohydrates Characteristics of Water Polar Covalent Bonds – A covalent bond where one atom pulls the electrons closer to it than the other + - + Energy • Free Energy – the energy available to do work, stored in chemical bonds • ATP – Adenosine triphosphate breaks down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) • Cellular respiration – The process of breaking down glucose to release the energy in it’s bonds Catalysts and Enzymes • Activation Energy – Amount of energy needed to start a reaction • Catalyst – Speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy – Is not changed – Can be reused Enzymes • Specific proteins that combine with substrates to break them down quickly in living organisms. – A catalyst – End in –ase Ex: Lipase, Maltase, Amylase Factors That Effect Enzymes • pH • Temperature • Enzyme concentration • Most enzymes have an optimum point for temperature and pH – This is the point where the enzyme works best (fastest) Denature ATP stands for: A. Adenosine triphosphate B. Adenine triphosphate C. A triphosphate D. None of the above What are enzymes? A. Catalysts used by living things B. Catalysts used in all reactions C. Chemicals used to increase activation energy D. Fats used by living things to help speed up chemical reactions What type of bond is the result of unequal sharing of electrons? A. Non-polar covalent bond B. Polar covalent bond C. Ionic non-polar bond D. Ionic polar bond Organic molecules most often form using which type of bond? A. Ionic bonds B. Covalent bonds C. Polar ionic bonds D. Hydrogen bonds LIGHT Photosynthesis • Takes place in chloroplasts (plastid) Goal of photosynthesis is to make complex carbohydrates like glucose, starch, and cellulose • 2 stages: – Light-dependant - on the thylakoid membrane – Light-independent (Calvin cycle) – In the stroma Light-Dependant • Sunlight hits plant and is absorbed by pigments (Chlorophyll) • Electrons get excited and go through electron transport chain • Water is split to get H+ and Oxygen is a waste product • Makes ATP and NADPH (used in light independent reaction) Light-independent Reaction • Uses ATP and NADPH • Carbon dioxide enters the system • Makes glucose by turning the Calvin cycle and extracting energy from the ATP (turning it into ADP) and H+ from NADPH (turning it into NADP+) Cellular Respiration • Process of breaking down food to get energy – Used by plants animals and some bacteria • 2 kinds: – Aerobic – Anaerobic – when oxygen is present – when oxygen is absent Aerobic Respiration 3 phases: 1. Gycolysis (in cytoplasm) – breaks down glucose to make Pyruvic ATP and NADH 2. Krebs cycle (in mitochondria) - take pyruvic and put it into the cycle, cycle produces 2 ATP's, 8 NADH's, 2FADH2's and carbon dioxide 3. Electron transport - creates a gradient which is used to produce ATP, produces 32 ATP's Makes 36 ATPs total! Most Efficient! Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Anaerobic Respiration = Fermentation • Breakdown of sugar without oxygen – Muscle cells, fungi, and some bacteria (yeast) • Start with glycolysis and then either make alcohol or lactic acid What form of energy is used by cells? A. Enzymes B. Cofactors C. ATP D. DNA The process of releasing energy from the chemical breakdown of compounds in a cell is: A. Hesitation B. Expiration C. Elimination D. Respiration What is released when ATP is broken down into ADP and one phosphate? A. Oxygen B. Water C. Energy D. Hydrogen The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain phases of cellular respiration take place in which organelle? A. Nucleus B. Cytoplasm C. Ribosome D. Mitochondrion The process by which energy from the sun is used to create glucose molecules is known as: A. Cellular respiration B. Photosynthesis C. Chemosynthesis D. Fermentation How does a plastid function within a cell? A. Digest food and break down wastes B. Produce proteins C. Carry on cellular respiration D. Carry out photosynthesis and provide color What do complex carbohydrates break down into? A. Enzymes B. Amino acids C. Simple sugars D. ATP Which of the following biomolecules are fat molecules that store energy? A. Proteins B. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic acids D. Lipids Which of the following elements can be found in all living and previously living organisms? A. Helium B. Sulfur C. Carbon D. Nitrogen Which biomolecule is a polymer assembled from some combination of the 20 amino acids? A. Lipids B. DNA C. Protein D. Nucleotide Which proteins in the cell speed up chemical reactions? A. Lipids B. DNA C. Enzymes D. Glucose Cellular respiration takes place inside which type(s) of cell(s)? A. An animal cell only B. A plant cell only C. Both plant and animal cells D. Neither plant or animal cells The chemical energy supply for all living cells is contained in a molecule that, when broken down, releases the energy so that it may be used for activities such as muscle contractions, photosynthesis and locomotion. Which molecule is a storehouse of energy? A. ATP B. DNA C. RNA D. ADP To obtain and use cellular energy, plant cells use which process below? A. Photosynthesis only B. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration C. Cellular respiration only D. Chemosynthesis How is cellular energy stored? A. Chemical bonds B. Enzymes C. Membrane potential D. Protein shapes Pepsin, a digestive enzyme in the human stomach, has an optimum pH that can be described as: A. Basic B. Neutral C. Acidic D. Very acidic What are the main product(s) of the cell? A. Lipids B. Amino acids C. Proteins D. Carbohydrates Which of the following foods represents the largest source of protein? A. Potato chips B. Oranges C. Chicken D. Cauliflower What are the largest carbohydrates called? A. Monosaccharides B. Disaccharides C. Oligosaccharides D. Polysaccharides What chemical is used to test for starch? A. Iodine B. Brown paper bag C. Phenylpthalein D. Sodium hydroxide Nucleic Acids and Cell Division • • • • DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid Found in nucleus Carried the genetic code for ALL organisms Shape = double helix DNA Structure • DNA is composed of strands of nucleotides • A nucleotides is composed of: – 5 carbon sugar – Phosphate – One Nitrogen Base • Adenine • Guanine • Thymine • Cytosine Complementary Pairs • A–T • C–G Protein Synthesis Using genes, which are pieces of DNA that code for specific proteins, to assemble proteins. 1. DNA must be copied in the nucleus of the cell into mRNA 1. DNA can not fit through the nuclear pore – It is double stranded while mRNA is single stranded 2. The single stranded mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves to a ribosome 3. tRNA carrying amino acids attaches to the complimentary bases on the mRNA 4. The amino acids form a chain that folds up into a protein Protein synthesis • Transcription – transcribing DNA into mRNA • Translation – mRNA is translated by tRNA into a strand of amino acids or a protein • Codon – 3 nucleotide codon on mRNA • Anticodon - 3 nucleotide codon on tRNA http://www.teachersdomain.org/search/?mode=refi ned&results_to_show=10&query=protein+sysnthe sis&lower_grade=K&upper_grade=12&media_typ es=video&media_types=audio&media_types=inter active&media_types=image&media_types=docum ent&media_types=lesson_plan&media_types=stu dent_activity&oer_level=0 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/d na/# Protein synthesis begins with the manufacture of a molecule of: A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. Nucleotide Which of the following is the last step in protein synthesis? A. tRNA bonds to an amino acid in the cytoplasm B. The stop codon binds to the ribosome and the polypeptide is released C. DNA unravels to expose a gene segment D. mRNA bonds to tRNA Proteins are made up of polypeptide chains. Polypeptide chains are composed of: A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. Amino acids What does transfer RNA carry? A. The mRNA to the ribosome B. The nucleotide bases to the mRNA C. An amino acid to the ribosome D. An amino acid to the cytoplasm What are ribosomes made of? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. Nucleotide Vocab • Somatic cells – Body cells • Gametes – Sex cells (Egg and sperm) • Haploid – Single set of chromosomes – 23 in humans • Diploid – Sets of chromosomes – 46 in humans • Homologous chromosomes – matched pairs • DNA helicase – unzips DNA • DNA polymerase – attaches new nucleotides during DNA replication • Stem Cells- Cells that can produce any kind of cell The Cell Cycle Variation • 2n = number of possible varieties of cells from a set number of chromosomes • Ex A plant cell has 3 chromosomes • Number of possible varieties = 23 or 8 All body cells, except the sperm and the ova are _____ cells. A. Germ B. Reproductive C. Somatic D. Spindle The type of nuclear division that produces gametes is: A. Meiosis B. Cytokinesis C. Interphase D. Mitosis A type of nuclear division that takes place in somatic cells is: A. Meiosis B. Cytokinesis C. Interphase D. Mitosis When DNA is in long strands prior to coiling, it is in the form of: A. Chromosomes B. Centromeres C. Chromatin D. Chromatids The length of time it takes for a cell to complete the cell cycle is: A. Around 2 hours B. Different for each cell C. The same for each kind of cell D. Around 2 minutes In fertilization, gametes fuse to form a(n) A. Embryo B. Somatic cell C. Zygote D. Reproductive cell In the DNA molecule, guanine pairs with another base called: A. Quinine B. Riboflavin C. Cytosine D. Thymine Stem cells are: A. Cells that can produce any kind of offspring cell B. Cells that contain stem structures used in reproduction C. Haploid cells that can produce any type of offspring cell D. Found only in plant cells What are the long strands of DNA made of? A. Elastic rubber bases B. Sugar nucleotides and potassium C. Sugar, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases D. Oxygen and nucleotides What are the sections of DNA that resemble rungs on a latter called? A. Genetic codes B. Reprocessors C. Base pairs D. Lipid pairs Meiosis is a type of cell division that: A. Leads to genetic mutation B. Causes deformity C. Is necessary for sexual reproduction D. Causes alleles to deform What does mitosis generate? A. Daughter cells identical to the mother cell B. Many reproductive cells C. Diseased cells D. Gametes DNA can make exact copies of itself. What is this process known as? A. Translation B. Duplication C. Replication D. Transcription A type of cellular reproduction when the nuclear division of somatic cells takes place is: A. Meiosis B. Cytokinesis C. Interphase D. Mitosis When preparing for cell division, the chromatin condenses and becomes which of the following? A. Gene B. Chromosome C. Protein D. Codon Which molecule transports the code of information from DNA to the ribosome? A. tRNA B. rRNA C. mRNA D. An amino acid What is the process in which paired twin chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA during meiosis called? A. Crossing over B. Fertilization C. Self pollination D. Replication During translation adenine on mRNA will pair with which base on tRNA? A. Uracil B. Guanine C. Cytosine D. Thymine What is the correct term to refer to the number of chromosomes in a gamete? A. Chromatin B. Haploid C. Heterozygous D. Diploid A fruit fly has a haploid number of 4 chromosomes. How many possible distributions of chromosomes can occur in it’s homologous pairs? A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 254 Heredity - vocab • Alleles – different forms of a gene • Genotype – alleles inherited • Phenotype – the physical expression of the genotype Complete dominance • Dominant gene – Trait that is expresses if one or more allele is present (TT, Tt) • Recessive gene – trait that is expressed only if two alleles are present (tt) • Homozygous – two of the same alleles for a trait (TT, tt) • Heterozygous – two different alleles (Tt) Complete Dominance • Find the genotype and phenotype for each • G = green g = yellow Cross GG with Gg • H = Hairy h = bald Cross Hh with HH • E = Ear lobes attached e = unattached Cross Ee with Ee Incomplete Dominance • Has an intermediate • Blending of dominant and recessive phenotype of the heterozygous genotype • What is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio? Codominance • Both traits show up in the heterozygous genotype Multiple Allele Crosses Classification • • • • • • • Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • Carl LinnaeusBinomial nomenclature • Homo sapiens Kingdom Archaebacteria • Prokaryotic bacteria living in harsh environments • Anaerobic • Classified according to environment – Thermoacudophiles – acidic sulfur springs in yellow stone park Kingdom Eubacteria • • • • True bacteria Single celled or clustered to form colonies DNA in a plasmid 3 feeding strategies – Heterotrophs – Autotrophs – Chemotrophs • Found everywhere, most are harmless – Make yogurt, cheese, vinegar • Decomposers • Asexual reproduction – binary fission Which of the following groups of categories is listed from broadest to most specific? A. Family, order, class B. Phylum, class, kingdom C. Order, family, genus D. Genus, family, species The two part system used to name organisms is called? A. Dual identification B. Binomial nomenclature C. Double nomenclature D. Linnaean nomenclature Organisms that obtain their energy from feeding on living organisms, dead organisms, or organic waste are: A. Autotrophs B. Heterotrophs C. Chemotrophs D. Plants Kingdom Protista • • • • Uni and multicellular Eukaryotic Can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like Plant-like – Algae, Euglenas – Produce most of the oxygen on Earth • Animal- like – Protozoa (Ameoba) – – – – Have cilia and flagella Reproduction by binary fission Some may cause disease ex - malaria Some have pseudopods – false feet • Fungus-like – Slime molds, mildew – decomposers All algae are: A. Autotrophs B. Heterotrophs C. Decomposers D. Ciliates Why are algae important? A. They create color on Earth B. They produce the most nitrogen on Earth C. They are decomposers D. They produce most of the oxygen on Earth Fungus-like protists are: A. Decomposers B. Autotrophs C. Consumers D. Producers Kingdom Fungi • Heterotrophic • Decomposers or Saprophytes - live in or on matter that they decompose • Sexual reproduction - Reproductive cells are called spores produced by the fruiting body (the mushroom you see) • Asexual reproduction – Budding (a [piece detaches and continues to live) • Mold, yeast, mushrooms, lichen • Penicillium – flavors cheese and is derived into Penicillin Fungi secrete enzymes to: A. Breakdown materials so that they can absorb them B. Catalyze chemical reactions in the air C. Help photosynthesis take place by activating plasmids D. None of the above Examples of fungi include: A. Dinoflagellates and algae B. Cyanobacteria and monera C. Mushrooms and yeast D. Sporozoa and sarcodines Kingdom Plantae • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotic Photosynthesis Alternation of generations – two distinct generations – Gametophyte – sexual phase, pollen (hapliod) – Sporophyte – asexual phase, spores (diploid) Non-Vascular Plants • Lack tissues to transport water and sugars – No true root system • Ex Bryophytes – mosses and liverworts • Live in moist habitats • Leaves have cuticle – waxing covering to help retain moisture Vascular Plants • Have tube-like structures for the transport of water and sugars (Vascular tissue) – Xylem – move water from roots – Phloem – move starch and sugar from leaves • Have a root system Seedless Vascular Plants • Ex ferns • Produce spores • Need moist environment because they have an aquatic stage Fronds Vascular Seed Bearing • Gymnosperms • Angiosperms Gymnosperms • Non-flowering, produce cones, needle like leaves • Ex conifers – pine trees • Have male and female cones • Pollen transported by wind from male cones to female cones Angiosperms • Flowering plants, have roots, stems, leaves, and seeds • Deciduous • Seeds are found in a fruit Monocots Vs Dicots Based on the number of cotyledons the seed has Cotyledons are seed leafs that provide nutrition to the developing seed Monocots • One cotyledon • Parallel veins in their leaves • Fibrous root system • Floral part arranged on 3s or 5s • Ex – Grasses, palms, lilies, orchids Dicots • Two Cotyledons • Net-veined leaves • Taproot system • Floral parts arranged in 4s or 5s • Ex – roses, melons, beans