Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Proteins Proteins: • Organic compound – Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S – Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called amino acids. 5/23/2017 • There are 20 different types of amino acids that make up all proteins. 10 are essential to humans 5/23/2017 10 Essential Amino Acids: 5/23/2017 • The 20 amino acids combine in different orders to make up different proteins – Similar to the letters of the alphabet • 26 different letters combine to make 500,000+ words 5/23/2017 Examples of foods rich in proteins: 5/23/2017 Foods which are the best sources of amino acids: 5/23/2017 S-T-E-A-K S T T S 5/23/2017 Blood Hair protein-keratin Muscle protein Skin protein-collagen E K A E In other words……………. You are what you eat!!!!!!! Or this……………. Your choice…………………. 5/23/2017 How much protein should you eat/day? Multiply your weight in pounds by 0.4 to estimate how many grams of protein you need each day. For example, a female who weighs 120 lbs would need about 48 grams of protein (120 lbs x 0.4 = 48 grams). 5/23/2017 Food Grams of protein 3 oz of tuna 22 grams 3 oz of hamburger 21 grams 3 oz of chicken 21 grams 1 cup yogurt 11 grams 2 Tbsp peanut butter 8 grams 1 cup of milk 8 grams 1 egg 7 grams 5/23/2017 Function of Proteins: • Overall job of proteins is to: –Build new cells –Repair damages to our tissues and cells –Maintain our cells –Help digest our food –Regulate all cellular reactions 5/23/2017 • Proteins can be divided into two main types: 1. Structural Proteins: • They build and support our tissues 5/23/2017 Examples of proteins: Collagen…………………skin Keratin……………………hair Actin and Myosin………….human muscles 5/23/2017 • 2. Functional Proteins: They perform specific functions within our bodies. Example: 5/23/2017 Enzymes…speed up chemical reactions like digestion Insulin….transports glucose into cells Antibodies….destroy bacteria and viruses Hemoglobin…transports oxygen to cells 5/23/2017 • Amino acids bond together into chains with peptide bonds lysine • A type of chemical bond Peptide Bond Amino acid Dipeptide Tripeptide Polypetptide 5/23/2017 • All proteins have a very unique 3-D shape – If 3-D shape is altered the protein will be damaged. • Extreme cold to collagen…………Frost bite • Extreme heat to collagen…………3rd degree burn 5/23/2017 Frying an egg: Egg White: 10% protein Yolk: 15% protein 5/23/2017 Levels of organization of a protein: • 1st: Primary structure • Proteins are made in a linear shape – Straight line • A specific chain of amino acids is put together in the correct order according to DNA’s code 5/23/2017 One single change… Amino Acid Sequence Normal -Threonine – Proline – Glucine – Glucine Sickle 5/23/2017 -Threonine– Proline – Valine - Glucine • 2nd: Secondary Structure • The chain of amino acids becomes: – Coiled – Pleated – A spiral – Shape held in place with weak Hydrogen bonds. 5/23/2017 • 3rd: Tertiary Structure – The amino acid chain gets a 3-D shape – Each type of protein has its own 3-D shape – If shape is altered the protein can not function right. 5/23/2017 • 4th: Quaternary Structure – This level is achieved when two protein chains bond together to create a new protein. 5/23/2017 5/23/2017 Enzymes: -are catalyst -they are complex proteins that speed up all chemical reactions with our bodies. Enzymes control every reaction Enzymes are responsible for: within our -cell respiration bodies. -photosynthesis -Protein synthesis -Digestion 5/23/2017 • Enzymes are substrate specific. • Substrates are substances enzymes act upon like specific types of food. • Enzymes are specific types proteins. Therefore enzymes have specific 3-D shapes. • For each substrate/substance there is only one enzyme that can act upon it. 5/23/2017 Take the example of digestion: Enzymes make the reaction of digestion occur 10 million times faster than it would without the enzymes. Digest candy bar with enzymes…. 20 min to 2 hours Digest same candy bar without enzymes…. 100 years 5/23/2017 Substrate: Substance that an enzyme breaks down or acts upon. Ex: Our candy bar Due to their specific 3-D shape an enzyme can only act upon one type of substrate. There are different enzymes to break down the peanuts, the chocolate, the creamy filling, etc….. 5/23/2017 • Enzymes in the human alimentary canal and what they digest: Enzyme Amylase Maltase Sucrase Lipase Protease / peptin Substrate Starch Maltose Sucrose Lipids/Fats Proteins The name of enzymes end in the suffix “ASE”. 5/23/2017 Enzymes follow the lock and key hypothesis: For every type of substrate there is only one type of enzyme to break it down. Just like there is only one specific key which fits into a specific type of lock. 5/23/2017 Enzyme animation 5/23/2017 Let’s take a milk break….. Lactase Contains galactose and lactose sugars It’s a disaccharide 5/23/2017 -The specific 3-D shape of an enzyme is called the active site. -point on the enzyme that “fits” around or into the substrate. -point where the substrate is broken. 5/23/2017 5/23/2017 Hyperlink -Enzymes are not altered or used up during a reaction. -Enzymes can be used over and over again. 5/23/2017 Hyperlink Frostbite How environmental factors affect enzymes: Denaturing of enzymes: -extreme heat or coldness, and strong acids or bases can alter the shape of the active site making it less effective. (breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the 3D shape in place). -this is called the denaturing of the enzyme 5/23/2017 5/23/2017 Coenzymes: -Vitamins and minerals can bond to the enzyme and increase the rate of its function. 5/23/2017 Competitive Inhibitors: -Certain drugs can bond to the enzyme and block the active site rendering it useless for doing its real job. Example: The drug marijuana contains the chemical THC. THC temporarily bonds to enzymes in our brain cells causing them to not function correctly thus causing the temporary feeling of being “high”. 5/23/2017