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Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon and its compounds Organic (related to living organisms) as opposed to inorganic (not living) Originally thought only living organisms could synthesize carbon compounds found in cells Millions of organic compounds Simplest organic compound contains 2 elements C and H--hydrocarbons All O. Chem. related to the bonding characteristics of Carbon These don’t qualify as organic: CO, CO2 and CO3-2 Bonding of Carbon Carbon is in Group _________. It has ______ valence electrons. It will always form _____covalent bonds. Structural formula to represent bonds. H H—C—H (methane) H The ability of carbon to form stable C-C bonds is one reason C can form so many different compounds Alkanes Hydrocarbon with a single covalent bond Can form in straight chains or branched chains Saturated-every non-C bond has an H Prefixes refer to # of C atoms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. MethEthPropButPent 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. HexHeptOctNonDec- Example Alkanes (Straight chain) Ethane Butane C2H6 C4H10 CH3CH3 H H H—C—C—H H H CH3(CH2)2CH3 H H H H H—C—C—C—C—H H H H H Alkenes Hydrocarbons that contain 1 or more C-C double bonds Same prefixes as the alkanes “unsaturated” – if the double bond is broken, more H can attach. Saturated means that the maximum number of H atoms/C atom (All alkanes are saturated) Example Alkenes Ethene C2H4 H H C=C H H Butene C4H8 H H H H H—C—C=C—C—H H H Alkynes Contain 1 or more triple bonds “unsaturated” Not common in nature All 3 hydrocarbons have weak van der Waals forces—low boiling points Example C2H2 H—C=C—H Ethyne Polymers Large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating smaller molecules (monomers) Can contain only 1 type of monomer or 2 or more types Reaction to join monomers is called polymerization and usually requires a catalyst Example: when ethene is polymerized, it becomes polyethylene (plastic) Functional groups A specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions Examples: (R is the carbon chain) R-COOH carboxyl R-OH alcohol R-NH2 amino R-(group 7) halide Biochemical basis for life Amino Acids—compound that will contain an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) Peptides—combination of amino acids where the amino group of one amino acid links to the carboxyl group of another amino acid (a peptide bond) Proteins—a peptide with more than 100 amino acids Skin, hair, nails, muscles, etc. Different sequences of amino acids result in different proteins For more details… Sect. 22.1 – alkanes Sect. 22.2 – alkenes and alkynes Sects. 22.3-.4 – isomers and rings Naming – page 698 Sect. 23.1 – functional groups Sect. 23.4 – polymerization Sect. 24.2 -- carbohydrates Sect. 24.3 – amino acids, peptides and proteins Sect. 24.4 – lipids Sect. 24.5 – nucleic acids