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CELLULAR RESPIRATION The process where organisms obtain most of their ATP is called Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. Cellular respiration occurs in two parts: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration requires a lack of oxygen Anaerobic respiration: Glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm around the mitochondria. The steps of Glycolysis are as follows: • One glucose molecule is broken down to 2 G3P molecules. Two molecules of ATP are used in this process. • Each G3P is converted into a 3-carbon molecule called Pyruvate. During this conversion, 2 ATPs are formed from ADP and 2 NADHs are formed from NAD+. ATP and NADH are both energy storage molecules. Aerobic respiration: The Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain • The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Before entering the cycle: • Pyruvate reacts with a molecule called coenzyme A to form a 2-carbon molecule called Acetyl CoA. During this conversion, one molecule of carbon dioxide and one molecule of NADH is formed. In the Cycle: • A four carbon compound reacts with acetyl CoA to create a 6-carbon molecule called citric acid. • Citric acid is broken down to a five carbon compound. During this conversion, one molecule of NADH is released and one molecule of carbon dioxide is released. • The five carbon molecule is broken down to a four carbon molecule. During this conversion, one carbon dioxide, one ATP, 2 NADHs, and FADH2 is formed. ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are all energy storage molecules. The Electron Transport Chain: • NADH and FADH2 release electrons that travel through the mitochondrial membrane. They also create a concentration gradient by releasing H+ into the mitochondrial matrix. • The H+ ions travel through a molecule called ATP Synthase and allow the formation of ATP. • Each NADH produces three ATP molecules and each FADH2 produces 2 ATP molecules