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Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Organic Chemistry Urea Carbon’s versatility Major Elements Of Organic Molecules The valences are the “rules” for building organic molecules. Hydrocarbons Examples Isomers Types Of Isomers Structural Isomers Butane Isobutane Geometric Isomers Enantiomers Comment Organisms are sensitive to even the most subtle variations in molecular architecture. Example - Thalidomide Cells can distinguish between two isomers. One is an effective drug. The other causes birth defects. Functional Groups Importance of Functional Groups Hydroxyl Group Carbonyl Group Aldehydes Ketones Carboxyl Group Carboxylic Acids Amino Group Sulfhydryl Group Phosphate Group Methyl Group Summary Be able to recognize isomers. Know the seven functional groups and what properties they give to molecules.