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Chapter 4- Cell Processes ATP Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation By: Mrs. Stahl Biology How do we get our energy? Chemical energy Two Main Source of Energy: Lipids Carbohydrates Only useable after it is broken down by a series of chemical reactions Cells convert food > energy through ATP-> adenosine triphosphate ATP Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. Starch molecule Glucose molecule Cells use ATP to: 1. Carry energy 2. Build molecules 3. Move materials by active transport ATP has 3 phosphate groups: Third bond is unstable so it is easily broken When 3rd is removed its releasing energy and turns into ADP phosphate removed What is needed to change ADP into ATP? Large group of complex proteins and a phosphate Mind Map Produced when phosphate is added to ADP Energy Carrier ATP Releases energy when converted back to ADP Gets energy from the breakdown of food molecules Swallow your food and then digestion takes place. Does each type of food have the same amount of calories? - NO!!! - Different foods have different calories therefore provide different amounts of ATP. Summary The number of ATP molecule depends on the carbohydrate, lipid, or protein broken down. The organic compound most commonly broken down to make ATP is carbohydrates. Summary Cont. Breakdown of sugar glucose makes = 36 ATP Lipids store MOST of the energy (ATP) and make up 80% of the energy in your body. Fats broken down Ex.- Triglycerides= 146 ATP Summary…….. Proteins store about the same as carbs but are less likely to be broken down. Do plants need ATP? YES!!!!!! Plants make their own food through photosynthesis where they breakdown sugars -> ATP Chemosynthesis Use chemical energy from sulfides instead of light energy to make carbon storing molecules. Ex- hydrothermal vents http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=BXGF3XS-yAI Molecule Type Energy Carbohydrate 4 cal. / mg 36 ATP Lipid 9 cal./mg 146 ATP Details Most commonly broken down for energy. Produces the most energy for your body80% Protein 4 cal. / mg. Infrequently used for energy usage Photosynthesis Chloro= green chloroplast Phyll= Leaf Plast = Molded leaf cell leaf Where does our energy directly come from? ATP How is ATP made? Breakdown of sugars Starch molecule Glucose molecule How are sugars made? By capturing energy from sunlight and changing it into chemical energy stored in sugars. Producers vs. Consumers Producers / Autotrophs Make their own food from the sun / photosynthesis Ex- plants, protists, and bacteria Consumers/ heterotrophs Rely on others for food Ex- you and other animals Photosynthesis is defined as: The process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=lDwUVpOEoE4 Functions: 1. Biochemical process 2. Plant cells only 3. Plant growth and development 4. Builds plants cell walls= cellulose 5. Helps regulate Earth’s environment 6. Removes CO2 in the air Several Types: UV radiation Microwaves Visible Light (what you see- appears white but is made up of several colors or wavelengths) ROYGBIV Chlorophyll Pigment in chloroplasts, plants only 2 types: Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Together they absorb mostly red and blue wavelengths. Neither absorbs green light. Green color comes from the reflection of lights green wavelengths by chlorophyll. Carotenoids are yellow-orange pigments which absorb light in violet, blue, and green regions. When chlorophyll breaks down in fall, the yellow-orange pigments in leaves show through. Fall Foliage Photosynthesis occurs in the……… Chloroplast!!!!!!!!! 2 Main parts of Chloroplast 1. Grana-> Stacks of coin shaped membranes with compartments called thylakoids that contain chlorophyll, other light absorbing molecules, and proteins. Stroma grana (thylakoids) chloroplast stroma Fluid that surround s the grana Equation for Photosynthesis Photosynthesis takes place in 2 stages! Stage 1= Light dependent Reactions Stage 2= Light Independent Reactions – – – – – – Light Dependent Reactions Requires sunlight take place in thylakoids water and sunlight are needed chlorophyll absorbs energy energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to lightindependent reactions oxygen is released Light Independent Reactions – Makes sugars – takes place in stroma – needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere – use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast 6H2O 6O2 2 thylakoid energy stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4 Stage 1 in Detail Photosystems->Molecules that capture and transfer energy in the thylakoid. Light Dependent Reactions Sugars are not made yet Main function: capture and transfer energy Water molecules are broken down into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen gas. Oxygen is a waste product and sugars are not made at this point. Energy is transferred to electrons. Electrons are used for energy during photosynthesis not for the cells general energy needs. Light Dependent Cont. Like a special ticket at an amusement park that can only be used for a specific rollercoaster. Energy-> electrons->ATP and NADPH (transferred to the later stages) Arrows represent energy and enzymes! NADP= coenzyme that can accept hydrogen and acts as an enzyme http://www.biologyonline.org/dictionary/Nicotinamide_adenine_di nucleotide_phosphate Lets put it all together Step 1-> Energy is absorbed from sunlight Step 2-> Water molecules breakdown, electrons enter, and oxygen is released as waste. Step 3-> Hydrogen ions are transported across the thylakoid membrane Step 4-> Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight Step 5-> NADPH is produced when electrons are added to NADP+ Steps 6 and 7!!! Step 6-> Hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channel Step 7-> ADP is changed into ATP when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase (enzyme). Calvin Cycle Does not need sunlight Produces sugars Energy sources are ATP and NADPH Energy that is needed for a series of chemical reaction is called the Calvin Cycle, named after a scientists- Melvin Calvin. Steps 1. CO2 is added to the 5 carbons that are already there making a 6 carbon sugar 2. ATP and NADPH is used from LDR to split the six carbons into 2 groups of 3. 3. Three carbon molecules exit. After they both exit they bond together to form glucose. 4. Three carbon molecules are recycled and changed back to five carbon molecules by energy from ATP. Light Independent / Calvin Cycle- insert into notes Occur in the stroma A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle Calvin Cycle Cont. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight Two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar Remaining molecules stay in the cycle Questions on page 109 Figure 4.7 1. Where do the light reactions occur? Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast 2. What is the source of the electrons in the ETC? chlorophyll 3. How are the electrons released from the water molecules used? To replace energized electrons that leave the chlorophyll molecules 4. What role do these electrons play? Provide energy to move hydrogen ions into the thylakoid and to produce molecules of NADPH 5. What two energy carriers are produced? NADPH and ATP 6. In what step is active transport occurring? Step 3 Passive = Step 6 7. What enzyme speeds the process up? ATP synthase Page 111 Figure 4.6 1. Where in the chloroplast do light independent reactions occur? Stroma of the chloroplast 2. Where are the ATP and NADPH coming from? Light dependent reactions 3. Why are these reactions called a cycle? The five carbon molecule of the process is regenerated, so the cycle continues. Who makes what? Light Dependent makes ATP (photophosphorylation) Light Independent makes sugars Quiz!!!! Indicate which system (PS1 or PS2 or BOTH) ____1. Splits water ____2. Produces NADPH ____3. Has an electron transport chain ____4. Requires light ____5. Utilizes a primary electron acceptor ____6. Occurs in the thylakoid ____7. Requires the input of H20 ____8. The cyclic path ____9. Uses chlorophyll ____10. Releases oxygen Videos http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student _view0/chapter10/animations.html # http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forestbi ology/photosynthesis.swf Factors that affect photosynthesis: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Light Quality (color) Light intensity Light Period Carbon Dioxide Availability Water Availability Cellular Respiration!! Releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present. By the time you reach 16 you have taken about 200 million breaths Breathe in oxygen and the oxygen releases energy in sugars and other carbon based molecules ATP Animals use cellular respiration Plants use photosynthesis Breakdown food-> ATP Aerobic-> Need Oxygen Anaerobic= no oxygen Takes place in the Mitochondria After you eat and the food is broken down into glucose then the glucose needs to get broken down by glycolysis (2-3 carbon chains, ATP), which takes place in the cytoplasm and is anaerobic. Glycolysis 2 Stages Stage 1= Krebs Cycle Stage 2= Electron Transport Krebs Cycle Produces molecules that carry energy to the second part. Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria 1 mitochondrion ATP matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) and 6CO 2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis 6O 2 and inner membrane ATP and 6H 2O 4 2- 3 carbons from glycolysis through pyruvate enter the cells matrix Pyruvate is broken down before the Krebs cycle. carbon dioxide released NADH produced coenzyme A (CoA) bonds to two-carbon molecule Step 1 Step 2 Energy carrying molecules transfer energy through the matrix. Stage 3 Energy is transferred to the chain of proteins (electron transport chain) Stage 4 Large # ATP is made. Heat and H2O are released as waste products. End Result 38 ATP molecules are made from 1 glucose molecule-> 2 glycolysis and 34/36 come from cellular respiration. Product created in the body via metabolism and is the end product of glycolysis Pyruvate-> enzyme that speeds up the phosphates What enzyme is directly associated with the Krebs Cycle? Pyruvate and coenzyme a What gets formed? Citric acid Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Location Chloroplast Mitochondria Reactants CO2 and H2O C6H12O6 and O2 Products C6H12O6 and O2 CO2 and H2O Electron Transport Chain Proteins within the thylakoid membrane Proteins within the inner mitochondrial membrane Cycle of chemical reaction Calvin cycle in the stroma of chloroplasts builds sugar molecules. Krebs cycle in matrix of mitochondria breaks down carbon based molecules. • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. Fermentation is an anaerobic process. occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration does not produce ATP • Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. – glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules – pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation – energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid – NADH is changed back into NAD+ Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation – energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide – NADH is changed back into NAD+ – NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis Fermentation is used in food production. Yogurt Cheese Bread