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The Molecules of Life
I. Review
• Matter- anything that has mass and takes
up space
– Atoms –smallest unit of matter that retains its
properties
• Proton- positive
• Neutron- neutral
• Electron- negative
– Molecule- two or more atoms together
II. Bonding
• Hydrogen Bonds- weak attraction between
molecules
• Water
• Covalent Bonds- electrons are shared
between two atoms
• H2O
• Ionic Bonds- one atom donates an
electron to another atom
• NaCl (Salt)
III. Water
• Polar
– Molecules with uneven charge distribution
• Positive and negative ends
-
Ex. Water is polar
Non Polar
• Molecules have equal charge distribution
• Ex. Oil
Oil: Non polar
Water: Polar
Macromolecules
• 4 Major molecules
– KNOW THESE !!!!!!!!!!!
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
• AKA- Sugar (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
C
• Formation: All in a ring formation
C
• Use: ENERGY
C
– Monosaccharide
• One sugar (one ring)
• Ex. Glucose
– Disaccharide
• Two sugars (2 rings)
• Ex. Sucrose
– Polysaccharide
• Many sugars
• Ex. Cellulose/Starch
C
C
C
Lipids
• AKA- Fats (Carbon, Hydrogen)
• Formation: Chain
• Use: Energy STORAGE,
– Use 2: Cell membranes and hormones
– Saturated (usually from animals)
• Straight chain of carbon atoms
• -c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-
– Unsaturated (usually from plants)
• Kinked chain of carbon atoms
• c-c-c-c-c-c-c
c-c-c-c-c-c-c-
Proteins
• AKA- Proteins (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen)
• Formation: Amino Acid “blocks”
• Use: Enzymes, body structures….
Nucleic Acids
• AKA- Nucleic Acids (carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous)
• Formation: Nucleotide- Strands
• Use: Information storage
– DNA
– RNA
Molecules
Elements
Shape/Structure
Base Unit
Lipid
C, H
Carb
C,H,
O
c-c-c-c-cEnergy
Storage
Chain
Ring Energy
Protein
C,H,
O,N
Nuc.
Acid
C,H,
O,N,
P
BlocksChain of
Amino Acid
Strand
Nucleotides
Function
Diff. Types
Calories
per
gram
Unsat.
Sat.
9/g
Mono
Di
Poly
4/g
Muscle 20
Enzyme types
of AA
Info.
DNA
Storage RNA
4/g
Where found?