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Animal Nutrition • All animals must eat. Whether a herbivore, carnivore, or an omnivore the ingestion of nutrition and calories must satisfy the following needs: • fuel -cellular need for energy (ATP) – carbs 1st, fats 2nd, protein 3rd • Organic molecules used for biosynthesis – Essential materials (vitamins and minerals) and raw material (essential amino acids) that an animal cannot make for themselves • malnourishment- a diet deficient in one or more essential mineral or compound • those amino acids that cannot be produced by an individual are considered to be essential – 9 essential AA in humans • Deficiency causes kwashiorkor - protein deficiency with adequate calories • meat is best source but can also obtain through food combining (whole grain +legume) • minerals - inorganic cofactors – Ca (bone & muscle fx), P (nucleic acid & ATP), Mg (enzymes that split ATP), Fe (cytochromes used in cellular resp. & in Hb), I (thyroid hormones - lack gives goiter), Zn, Na, K, Cl Essential materials Vitamins Fat Soluble Vitamin • vitamins -used as cofactors used in metabolic pathways – 13 are essential Used For Deficiency Causes A component of eye pigments vision, skin, liver & bone damage D calcium absorption Rickets - bone deformation E antioxidant Blood clotting problems K Blood clotting factor bleeding, liver damage Vitamins Water Soluble Used For Deficiency Causes B1 (thiamine) Coenzyme - removing CO2 from organic compounds Beriberi - nerve disorder B2 (riboflavin) Component of coenzyme - FAD Skin lesions - cracks corner of mouth Niacin Component of coenzyme - NAD & NADP Skin & gastrointestonal lesions / nervous dissorders B6 (pyridoxine) coenzyme used in amino acid metabolism irritability, convulsions, twitching Pantothenic acid Component of coenzyme A Fatigue, numbness, tingling of hands & feet Folic Acid coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism anemia, gastrointestinal problems / neural chord malformation in the fetus B12 coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism & red blood cell maturation anemia, nervous system disorders Biotin coenzyme in the synthesis of fat, glycogen, and AAs scaly skin inflammation, neural muscular disorders C (ascorbic acid) collagen synthesis - antioxidant scurvy - degeneration of skin, teeth & vessels Homeostatic Mechanisms • Glucose regulation – excess glucose is stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen • stimulated by the hormone insulin • when stores are full, excess glucose ingested is stored as fat – release is promoted by hormone (glucagon) secretion • when caloric needs exceed ingestion of glucose, glycogen is removed from the liver 1st, muscles 2nd, and fat 3rd. • deamination of protein for energy occurs after glycogen and fat stores have been eliminated – gluconeogenesis – when blood sugar is raised after feeding, appetite decreases Homeostatic Mechanisms – homeostatic mechanism for the maintenance of weight are located in the satiety center of the brain • hormones tell you when to start and stop eating – leptin - secreted by fat cells suppresses appetite as fat is stored » fat bulk decreases leptin and increases appetite – PYY - secreted by the small intestine to decrease appetite – ghrelin - secreted by the stomach at feeding times to increase appetite – insulin - secreted by the pancreas Caloric Imbalances • Undernourishment – chronic energy imbalance created by the consumption of too few calories or essential calories – usually present in times of drought, war, or where disruption of the food supply occur (poverty) – after the glycogen and fat stores are used the body begins to eat protein from muscle tissue • may lead to protein imbalances in the brain • some of the damage may be irreversible even after recovery has occurred • Obesity is considered an inherited condition – fat storage and the craving of fatty foods once served an evolutionary purpose as it would aid an animal in periods when food was scarce – created by the chronic over consumption of calories • over consumption of carbohydrates leads to hyper storage of fat – now recognized as a global health problem by the World Health Organization (WHO) • ~ 30% of Americans are severely obese (nearly doubled in the last decade) • ~35% are over weight • ~15% of children are obese • ~300,000 deaths/year associated with obesity – obesity is associated with an increase in breast and colon cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease Obesity