Download MK. ILMU GIZI (2) VITAMIN

MK. ILMU GIZI (2)
VITAMIN
VITAMIN = ”VITA” + ”AMIN”
VITAMIN : Suatu kelompok senyawa
organik (terdapat dlm jml kecil dlm
bahan makanan) tapi sangat penting
peranannya bagi beberapa fungsi
tubuh, untuk :
• proses metabolisme
• pertumbuhan yg normal
SENYAWA ORGANIK ESENSIAL
• tidak dpt dibuat oleh tubuh dlm jml
kecil
• diperoleh dari makanan yang
dikonsumsi (kecuali Vitamin D)
• Tubuh yg kekurangan vitamin (defisiensi) :
AVITAMINOSIS dg gejala macam2
penyakit
• Tubuh yg kelebihan vitamin :
HIPERVITAMINOSIS : akibatnya
gangguan kesehatan/dikeluarkan dari
tubuh
VITAMIN :
• LARUT DALAM AIR : VITAMIN B & C
• LARUT DALAM LEMAK (MINYAK) :
VITAMIN A,D,E,K,
Terdiri dari kumpulan vitamin yg mempunyai
fungsi dan sifat yg berbeda/khusus
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B1, also called thiamin is a watersoluble vitamin that is essential for the
breakdown of carbohydrates into the simple
sugar glucose. Thiamin is also important for
the proper functioning of the nervous system.
 Thiamin is found in whole-grain cereals,
bread, red meat, egg yolks, green leafy
vegetables, legumes, sweet corn, brown rice,
berries, and yeast.
 Thiamin is absorbed through the intestines.




Deficiency of Vitamin B1
Thiamin deficiency is rare. However, thiamin
deficiency often occurs in alcoholics. It occurs
in alcoholics because alcohol interferes with
the absorption of thiamin through the
intestines. Thiamin deficiency can cause
beriberi, wernicke's encephelopathy, and
sensitivity of the teeth, cheeks and gums.
Too Much Vitamin B1
Large doses (5,000 to 10,000 mg) can cause
headaches, irritability, rapid pulse, and
weakness
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B2, also called riboflavin is a watersoluble vitamin that is important in the
breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins. It is also important in the
maintenance of the skin and mucous
membranes, the cornea of the eye and for
nerve sheaths.
 Riboflavin is found in whole-grain products,
milk, meat, eggs, cheese and peas.
Deficiency of Vitamin B2
A deficiency of riboflavin can cause skin
disorders, anemia, light-sensitive eyes, and
inflammation of the soft tissue lining around
the mouth and nose (Cheilosis).

Deficiencies of Vitamin B2
 Cheilosis – cracking at the corners of the
mouth and inflammation of the muscous
membranes in the mouth
 Glossitis – swollen and reddened tongue
 Corneal Vascularization – reddening, burning,
itching of the eyes and sensitivity to light
 Seborrheic Dermatitis – unusual dryness and
greasy scaling of the skin
Vitamin B3




Vitamin B3, also called niacin, is needed for
the metabolism of food, the maintenance of
healthy skin, nerves and the gastrointestinal
tract.
Niacin is found in protein-rich foods. The
most common protein rich foods are: meats,
fish, brewer's yeast, milk,eggs, legumes,
potatoes and peanuts.
If too much niacin is consumed, itching,
headaches, cramps, nausea and skin
eruptions may occur.
Vitamin B3 is also called nicotinic acid and
nicotinamide.
Deficiency of Vitamin B3
A deficiency of niacin causes the disease,
pellagra.
 Too much Vitamin B3
More than 100mg of vitamin B3 can cause
flushing, tingling, itching, headaches, nausea,
diarrhea and ulcers.

VITAMIN B6
 Vitamin B6, also called pyridoxine, is essential
in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins
and fats. Pyridoxine is also used in the
production of red blood cells.
Pyridoxine is also called pyridoxal phosphate
and pyridoxamine.
 Pyridoxine can be found in many foods. Some
of the foods that contain it are: liver, meat,
brown rice, fish, butter, wheat germ, whole
grain cereals, and soybeans.
Deficiency of Vitamin B6
 Deficiency of pyridoxine is rare. However,
pyridoxine deficiency often occurs in
alcoholics.
 Deficiency causes skin disorders, disruption of
the nervous system, confusion, poor
coordination and insomnia.


Vitamin B6 is needed for more than 100
enzymes involved in protein
metabolism. It is also essential for red
blood cell metabolism. The nerve amd
immune system need Vitamin B6 to
function efficiently, and it is also needed
for the conversion of tryptophan (an
amino acid) to niacin.
Too much Vitamin B6
More than 500mg can cause irreversible nerve damage.
The nerve damage can cause impaired walking,
numbness, tingling and poor sense of touch.
VITAMIN B12
 Vitamin B12 is necessary for processing
carbohydrates, proteins and fats and to help make all
of the blood cells in our bodies. Vitamin B12 is stored
in the liver.
Deficiency of Vitamin B12
 Deficiency of vitamin B12 causes mouth irritation,
brain damage, and a disease called pernicious
anemia.
 Vitamin B12 can be found in liver, meat, egg yolk,
poultry and milk.




VITAMIN B12 is also called cobalamin
because it contains the meat cobalt.
This vitamin helps maintain healthy nerve
cells and red blood cells. It’s also needed to
help make DNA.
Vitamin B12 bound to the protein in food.
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach release B12
from proteins in foods during digestion. Once
released, Vitamin B12 combines with a
substance called gastric intrinsic factor. This
complex can be absorbed by the intestinal
tract.
Vitamin B9




Vitamin B9, also called folic acid, interacts
with vitamin B12 for the synthesis of DNA.
Folic acid is also necessary for the breakdown
of proteins and the formation of hemoglobin.
Folic acid is produced by bacteria in the
stomach and intestines.
Folic acid is found in many foods, including
yeast, liver, green vegetables, and whole
grain cereals.
Women who are pregnant have an increased
need for folic acid.
High doses of folic acid can cause
convulsions, and disrupt zinc absorption.
Deficiency of Vitamin B9
 Deficiency of folic acid causes anemia, poor growth,
and irritation of the mouth. Deficiency of folic acid is
common in alcoholics, the elderly, and people who are
malnourished.
 Folic Acid is also called folacin and pteroylglutamic
acid.
PANTOTHENIC ACID


Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that is used
in the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids and some
amino acids, rather sweet and has the form of calcium
salt. Pantothenic acid is produced by bacteria in the
intestines.
It has function as cofactor of enzyme (coenzyme A) for
oxidation process and coenzyme for fat synthesize
(sterol)
Pantothenic acid is found in meats, legumes and wholegrain cereals, and ‘royal jelly”.
Deficiency of Pantothenic Acid
 Dermatitis symptoms and intestine
 Vomiting, hair fall, skin disorders, disruption of the
nervous system and adrenalin gland
VITAMIN H (BIOTIN)



Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin which contains sulfur
and valeric acid has the form of Ureido ring
It has function as coenzyme for carboxylation,
decarboxylation and de-amination process
Biotin is found in potatoes, yeast, liver, kidney,
vegetables and fruits. It is also produced by bacteria
in the intestines.
Vitamin C


Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) assists the body in the
production of collagen, a basic component of
connective tissues.
Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant,
scavenging potentially harmful molecules called
free radicals, and protect against cancer,
cataracts, age-related macular degeneration of
the retina, and other chronic diseases. Vitamin C
intake may be particularly helpful to smokers, as
they are more likely to suffer from oxidative
stress and cell damage that can deplete vitamin
C. Vitamin C also enhances iron absorption.
Vitamin C may work against high blood pressure
(hypertension),. Vitamin C promotes healthy teeth
and gums, helps in the absorption of iron, aids in
the maintenance of normal connective tissue, and
promotes wound healing. It also helps the body's
immune system.
Vitamin C Deficiency
 Lack of vitamin C can lead to a condition called
scurvy, which causes muscle weakness, swollen
and bleeding gums, loss of teeth, and bleeding
under the skin, as well as tiredness and
depression. Vitamin C deficiency also causes
wounds to heal slowly.

Which foods have Vitamin C?
 Foods that are rich in Vitamin C are broccoli,
strawberries, citrus fruits, green peppers,
brussels sprouts, honeydew, and cantaloupe.
Risks of too much Vitamin C
 High doses can cause kidney stones, diarrhea
and nausea.
Vitamin C Substance Interactions
 The effect of vitamin C is decreased by
aspirin, tobacco, barbiturates, mineral oil,
oral contraceptives, salicylates, sulfa drugs
and tetracyclines. Vitamin C will decrease the
effect of Anti-cholinergics, oral anticoagulants
and copper.