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MODELS OF ADDICTION: A SUMMARY Moral / Temperance Model * Addiction as Sin or Crime Personal Irresponsibility Disease Model * Genetic and Biological Factors 12-Step Framework; Abstinence Education as Treatment Behavioral and CognitiveBehavioral Models * Conditioning and Reinforcement Social Learning and Modeling Drug Expectancies and other Cognitive Factors / RP Family Models Family Disease Family Systems Behavioral Marital/Family Tx MODELS OF ADDICTION: A SUMMARY Psychological / Psychoanalytic Disordered /Addictive Personality Sociocultural Models Cultural Factors Socioeconomics/ Social Policy Drug Subcultures Public Health Model Agent, Host, Environment Interactions THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL: AN INTEGRATION Medical / Disease Models of Addiction BIOLOGY OF ADDICTION • Introduction • Why study addiction from a biological perspective? All Multicell Organisms Require Cellto-Cell Communications Mammals Require a Variety of Sophisticated Systems for Chemical Communications CHEMICAL MESSENGERS Chemical Messengers Hormones—Released from glands and affect other cells, including other glands Neurotransmitters—More discrete and targeted than hormones Receptors—Cell structures that receive the chemical message Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Information Movement in the Nervous System Figure 6-4 6-4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Signaling in the Nervous System Figure 6-2 6-2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules Figure 6-3 6-3 7 Neurotransmitters Related to Drug Effects The 3 Monoamines 1. __________ - common and pervasive chemical important in regulation of motor movements, emotional and cognitive processes, and reinforcement - schizophrenia (increased dopamine activity) - Parkinson’s Disease (decreased activity) • Different drugs affect dopamine levels in different ways: stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines increase dopamine activity 7 Neurotransmitters Related to Drug Effects 2. _____________ - important in regulation of sleep and mood monoamine theory of depression supported by: drugs that reduced Monoamines produce depression drugs effective in treating depression act on serotonin or norepinephrine 3. _________________ - important in the regulation of hunger, alertness and arousal; implicated in depression / mood regulation 7 Neurotransmitters Related to Drug Effects 4. _______________(ACh) - important in the functions of muscular activity, regulation of thirst and memory (e.g. Alzheimer’s Disease is related to loss of cholinergic function in brain) 5. ______________ - thought to modulate pain relief and to be associated with naturally occurring pleasures or “highs” 6. _______ - (__________-___________________ acid) referred to as an inhibitory transmitter because when it binds to receptor sites it stops the neuron from firing. What drugs act on this system? ______________________ 7. _______________ – throughout brain; excitatory BIOLOGY OF ADDICTION • neuron is like a rechargeable battery, can fire again after either: enzymes break down transmitter substance so it cant occupy receptor site anymore or reuptake: substance taken back into terminal button • agonists and antagonists ______________ is any chemical (naturally occurring in brain or introduced) that fits a receptor lock and activates it; in general, ___________ increase the activity of the transmitter systems they operate on (ex. morphine is an agonist for the endorphins ) BIOLOGY OF ADDICTION ___________________ - don’t activate receptor sites and neurons to fire but still occupy site, preventing other chemicals from sitting there ex. _______________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Some Mechanisms of Drug Action - drug can decrease or increase synthesis of neurotransmitters - neurotransmitter transport interference - neurotransmitter reuptake is blocked (pictured) - receptor activation; drug mimics neurotransmitter - receptor blocking NEURAL BASIS OF REWARD & ADDICTION • studies of stimulation of rat brains: • There is possibly a final common pathway for positive stimulation and reward; this pathway is dopamine-rich; • most drugs produce changes in this system, but “broccoli” (food) does not produce dramatic changes… Why not? NEURAL BASIS OF REWARD & ADDICTION “body” and brain memories… amygdala activated prior to drug ingestion in cocaine users compared to controls “addicted brain” is qualitatively different from non-drug users even after drug use is discontinued e.g. _____________________________ A Few Definitions Psychopharmacology - study of the effects of drugs on behavior Pharmacology - the study of drugs and their effects; • Pharmacokinetics __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ • Pharmacodynamics __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Brainstorm What factors relate to the way drugs affect us? Brainstorm Drugs need to get into the body before exerting an effect...how many different ways can drugs enter the body and brain? The 4 major routes of drug administration Oral Injection subcutaneous intramuscular intravenous - The 4 major routes of drug administration Inhalation - absorbed through lungs… Absorption intranasal - mucous membranes of nose, sinus sublingual - under the tongue; absorbed through mouth’s mucous membranes transdermal - through the skin; examples? rectal - suppositories Pharmacokinetics Absorption: rate and extent to which drug leaves its site of administration; bioavailability: portion of drug that reaches its site of action Distribution: where the blood flows most is where most of the drug goes (where? _________) Elimination: liver enzymes play biggest part in expelling drugs; kidneys as well where excreted? _______________________ drug half-life: ___________________________ Pharmacodynamics dose-effect curve effective doses - % of people who experience effect of drug at given doses ED - 50 ; 50% of people taking specific dose will be experiencing the effect lethal doses - effect of interest is death! Defined as % of animal subjects who die LD - 50 • Major Implications: _____________________________ ____________________________________________ Behavioral Pharmacology and Tolerance Behavioral Pharmacology - specialty area within pharmacology that concentrates on drug use as learned behavior General Definition of tolerance - reduced response to a drug after repeatedly taking it Types of Tolerance: Dispositional tolerance - increase in the rate of metabolizing a drug after repeated use Functional (cellular) tolerance- brain becomes less sensitive to drug • acute tolerance: occurs within single dose or first few doses of drug (e.g., Alcohol cocaine) • vs. protracted:occurs after regular,chronic use Behavioral Pharmacology and Tolerance • Behavioral tolerance - person adjusts or compensates for their drug-induced behavior EX. We compensate for intoxicated behavior in diff ways _______ • Issue of cross-tolerance EX. ________________________ • tolerance to some effects of drug but not others • tolerance syndrome doesn’t develop to some drugs • reverse tolerance - becoming more sensitive with repeated use (examples ?)