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Hallucinogens
• Any of several drugs
called psychedelics,
that produce
sensations such as
distortions of time,
space, sound, color,
and other bizarre
effects.
• LSD
• Mescaline
• Psilocybin
(mushrooms)
• MDMA (Ecstasy)
• Discovered in 1938
– Lysergic acid which is
a byproduct of a
fungus that grows on
rye and other grains.
• 1949 first studies in the
U.S.
• 1950’s large quantities
used for scientific studies
– pyscho-theraputic aid
• 1960’s Timothy Leary
- mind expansion
LSD
LSD
• # 1 hallucinogen of abuse
• ROA: oral/absorption
• Form: Capsule, liquid,
blotter paper
– colorless, odorless,
bitter taste
• Duration: 4 to 12 hours
– peak 2 to 3 hours
• Dose:
– 1990’s 20 to 80 mcgs.
– 1960’s 100 to 200 mcgs.
– Takes a minute to
cause a reaction
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EFFECTS
UNPREDICTABLE
DEPEND ON DOSE,
USER’S PERSONALITY,
AND SETTING
RAPID MOOD SWINGS
HALLUCINATIONS
MIS-PERCEPTIONS OF
STIMULI
– HEARING COLORSSEEING SOUNDS
LSD
3 PHASE EFFECT
1: SOMATIC
LSD
-CNS STIMULATION
-INCREASE IN BODY
TEMP.
-INCREASE IN BLOOD
PRESSURE AND HEART
RATE
2: SENSORY DISTORTION
3: PSYCHIC
-CHANGES IN MOOD
-DEPERSONALIZATION
-PSYCHOTIC EPISODES
-BAD TRIP
LSD
FLASHBACKS: Caused by a similar
stimulus NOT a latent chemical reaction.
DRUG TESTIING: Difficult to detectpasses out of system within 30 hours.
TOLERANCE: Develops quickly,
decreases if use is discontinued.
LSD: Long Term Use
• Psychiatric Illness
• Disruption of personality
LSD reduces the normal person’s ability to
control emotional reactions-drug induced
alterations of perception can be so intense, they
overwhelm the individual’s ability to cope.
Psilocybin
Source: Mushrooms
1/200 as potent as LSD
ROA: Oral
Duration: 6 to 10 hours
Effects: Similar to LSD
Dose: Varies based on mushrooms
and quantity consumed.
Ketamine
Rapid acting anesthetic
-used in pediatric burn cases; dentistry
-animal tranquilizer
ROA: oral/inject/smoke/snorted
Duration: 1 to 6 hours, 24 hours for full recovery
Effects: numbness, respiratory depression,
exaggerated sense of strength, sense of
invulnerability, hallucinogen effects, paranoia,
disassociative state
PCP
Rapid acting anesthetic used for animals
ROA: smoke/oral/snort/inject
Duration: Smoke-peak effect 15 minutes; Oral peak effect 2 hours
Effects: bizarre and violent psychiatric reactions,
agitation, disorganized thought, seizures, psychotic
episodes, suicide.
Only hallucinogen that elicits cravings
Mescaline
• From Peyote Cactus
• Used by Native
American Church
• ROA: Oral
• Duration: 10 hours
– Peak effect 30 to
90 min.
• Effects:
– visual
hallucinations
– anxiety
– stress reactions
MDMA: Ecstacy
Synthetic Hallucinogen/Amphetamine
Similar to mescaline/methamphetamine
ROA: Oral/inject/smoke
Duration: 6 to 8 hours
Effects: Confusion, depression, anxiety,
sleep problems, muscle tension, increase
body temperature
MDMA: Ecstacy
MDMA destroys seratonin receptors which
are responsible for regulation of mood,
aggression, sexual activity, and sleep.
Prolonged use results in irreversible
Parkinson disease like symptoms