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Manifest Destiny (????- 1850)
APUSH Final Exam Review Project
By: Kailee Weiler and Alexa Vagnozzi
Manifest Destiny
In the 1840’s the people of America began to believe that they were chosen by God to control the
North American continent. Thus it became a factor which drove them to look west and claim
new territory. Not only was it a movement to spread political system, but it was also to spread a
racially defined society due the “American race” as the superiority.
Texas
The Mexican government began to encourage American immigration into Texas. They wanted
to strengthen the economy and increase their own tax revenues. They also said that the settlers
would create an effective buffer against US expansion in the region as they believed the settlers
would soon become loyal. So they began offering land to immigrants. But friction grew
between the settlers and the Mexican government. So when Dictator Santa Anna wiped out their
cherished liberties, the Texans rebelled. After the Battle of San Jacinto, Sam Houston was able
to make Santa Anna surrender and Texas would become independent. Now the only controversy
was to annex it or not.
Oregon
With four countries having made claims to Oregon territory, it remained pretty much untouched
due to the joint occupation treaty. But when missionaries under the idea of Manifest destiny
began to come over a try to convert Indians, it sparked much resistance. Americans clamored for
“54’ 40 or fight”, but Polk wanted to keep the peace. So Polk was able to propose a compromise
which was the 49th parallel. It was accepted because the Senate did not want to war with Britain.
The Westward Migration
All migrants were in search of a new life, but of course they all had different visions of what that
entailed. Some hoped to find gold while others wanted to take advantage of the land. But still
most hoped to establish themselves while some were trying to escape the disease of the cities.
Even though life on the trail was tough, families were able to continue dividing tasks along
gender line and stick to their traditional views. And some even found it a highly collective
experience.
Elections of 1840 and 1844
For the election of 1840 it was Whig candidate William Henry Harrison vs. Democrat Martin
Van Buren. John Tyler also ran on the Whig ticket too. Martin Van Buren was the hand-picked
successor of Jackson but soon became known as “Martin Van Ruin”.
The election of 1844 was Democrat James Polk vs. Whig Henry Clay. In preparing for the
election both had to take a stand on the issue of annexing Texas. The South wanted to annex
Texas while the North feared a disruption of the balance established by the Missouri
Compromise. Polk was a strong believer in expansion and when he became president he sought
three goals: annex Texas, Oregon, and California. Tyler had already annex Texas before leaving
office, so Polk now tried to compromise over Oregon. After a debate the Senate approved a
treaty that fixed the boundary of the US-Canadian border at the 49th parallel. Then he dealt with
the boundary dispute over Texas and committed himself to acquiring both New Mexico and
California for the US.
The Mexican War
Polk sent Slidell to Mexico to make an offer to buy California, but with the loss of Texas they
refused. Also, the US saw the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas while Mexico
claimed it was the Nueces River. So when Polk ordered troops south of the Nueces and a clash
occurred, Polk urged the Senate to declare war. American forces did well and were able to
capture Monterrey, Santa Fe, complete the conquest of California, and then later seized the
Mexican capital. After the capital was seized a new government took power and was willing to
negotiate a peace treaty. Polk and the Mexican government reached the treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo. But even though America gained new territory, it also acquired some new issues.
Slavery and the New Territories, Sectionalism
When new territories were introduced to the United States, slavery was a hot topic of debate in
Congress. Adding slave states meant that the slave states vs. free states ratio was out of balance.
Yet when slave states were not added, there were arguments. For instance, a piece of legislature
called the Wilmot Proviso was introduced to Congress. It passed in the House, but not the
Senate. It stated that all new territory in Mexico would be free. Clearly, many were against this
idea. Polk eventually left office and Zachary Taylor took over. He felt that if the new territories
reached statehood, then the slavery issue would somehow be resolved. The idea of popular
sovereignty and letting the states decide for themselves was dubbed dangerous considering the
events of Bleeding Kansas. Thus, Taylor simply wanted the states to be entered as free states.
Unfortunately, this upset the balance and was frowned upon, considering many wanted the
District of Columbia to be free of slaves as well. With this rising topic of slavery, sectionalism
among the North and South was evident in the years to come.
California Gold Rush
In January of 1848, James Marshall had found traces of gold in the foothills of the Sierra
Nevada. The owner of the mills wanted to keep the discovery quiet, but eventually, word broke
out. Hundreds of thousands of people had migrated just to California for the search of gold. The
mountains were completely occupied as cities, such as San Francisco, were empty. The majority
of these people were men and they were known as forty-niners. They had abandoned everything
they had, ranging from homes to farms to jobs to families. Accordingly, the gold rush had also
attracted Chinese migrants. This was the start of the major immigration that Nativists disliked so
much. Truly, most of the gold was fool’s gold, or simply, many forty-niners came up successful
and didn’t even find gold. Once the rush was over, California was overwhelmingly diverse and
populous.
The Compromise of 1850
Once time came for admitting new territories as states, a clear compromise was in order. Henry
Clay came up with a massive plan for the areas. California was to enter the Union as a free state
which tipped the balance of slave vs. free. New Mexico and Utah became new territories and
popular sovereignty would be the deciding factor for slavery or not. Texas had boundaries
created. Texas was paid $10 million for relinquishing its claim to lands east of the Rio Grande.
Accordingly, the Fugitive Slave Act was issued. This placed the authority of the federal
government behind capturing and returning fugitive slaves. Last, the slave trade was outlawed in
the District of Columbia. The Fugitive Slave Law created anti-slavery feelings.
Vocabulary
1. “Civil Disobedience” – It was an essay that was written by Henry David Thoreau. It argues that
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people should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that people
have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the
agents of injustice.
“Fifty-four of fight”- a slogan which talked about war over where the Americans hoped to draw
the northern boundary of their part of Oregon
Adams-Onis Treaty - a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to
the U.S. and set out a boundary between the U.S. and New Spain
Annexation - the act of annexing, or territories that have been annexed; the legal merging of a
territory into another body
Annexation of Texas- Texas became a state when Tyler won congressional approval for it before
leaving office
Battle of San Jacinto- Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna and forced him to surrender. As a result
Texas becomes independent.
Election of 1844-The United States presidential election where Democrat James Knox Polk
defeated Whig Henry Clay in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the
annexation of Texas and Clay opposing it
Forty-niners – In 1849, men migrated across the country for the California gold rush. This was
their nickname.
Free-Soil Party - a former political party in the United States; formed in 1848 to oppose the
extension of slavery into the territories
Gadsden Purchase - a region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that
was purchased by the United States in a treaty signed by President Franklin Pierce on June 24,
1853, and ratified by the U.S. Senate
Gold rush - began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at
Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California.
Intermediaries- Americans who received sizable land grants from Mexico in return for promising
to bring settlers into the region
James Polk- Democratic candidate for the election of 1844 who took office and began spreading
his ideas of manifest destiny. He wanted to annex Texas, solve the claim to Oregon and
California.
John C. Fremont - A captain and an explorer who was in California with several dozen wellarmed men when the Mexican War broke out. He helped to overthrow the Mexican rule in 1846
by collaborating with Americans who had tried to raise the banner of the California Bear
Republic
John Jacob Aster- established a fur trading post in Oregon country where he combined it with
farming and recruited Indian labor to compensate for the lack of workers
John L. O’ Sullivan- the editor who gave the movement its name
John Slidell- Polk turned to diplomacy and dispatched John, a special minister, to try to buy off
California from the Mexicans
John Tyler - elected vice president and became the 10th President of the United States when
Harrison died
19. Joseph Smith - religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830
20. Louisiana Purchase - territory in the western United States purchased from France in 1803 for
$15 million; extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of
Mexico to Canada
21. Manifest Density- the idea that America was destined by God and by history to expand its
boundaries over a vast area, that included but was not restricted to the continent of North America
22. Mexican Cession - a historical name in the United States for the region of the present day
southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in 1848, excluding the areas east of the
Rio Grande, which had been claimed by the Republic of Texas
23. Missouri Compromise - the new state of Missouri was admitted as a slave state, actually took
from 1819 to 1821 to produce. In 1819 there were twenty-two states divided evenly between
slave and free states
24. Monroe Doctrine - a United States policy that was introduced on December 2, 1823, which stated
that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas
would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention
25. Nueces River- this is what Mexico claimed should be the border, it was to the north of the Rio
Grande
26. Oregon trail- the major route west which stretched from independence across the great Plains and
through the South Pass of the rocky Mountains on which migrants traveled
27. President Jackson-feared annexation of Texas might cause sectional controversy and even a war
with Mexico
28. Rio Grande- the Texans claimed this as their western and southern border
29. Sam Houston-general who defeated the Mexican army and took Santa Anna prisoner at the Battle
of San Jacinto. Also after Texas gained its independence, he becomes the new president of
Texas.
30. Santa Anna- Mexican dictator who wanted to seize power and impose a new autocratic regime on
the nation and its territories
31. Stephen Austin- an immigrant who established the first legal American settlement in Texas. He
was successful at recruiting immigrants to Texas and with other intermediaries he created centers
of power in the region that competed with the Mexican government.
32. Stephen Kearney- led a small army which captured Santa Fe with no opposition. He then
proceeded to California where he joined the Bear flag revolution and completed the conquest of
California.
33. Sutter’s Mill - a sawmill owned by 19th century pioneer John Sutter. It was located in Coloma,
California, at the bank of the American River. Sutter's Mill is most famous for its association with
the California Gold Rush
34. Tariff of Abominations - a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May
19, 1828. It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the
effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy
35. The Alamo and Goliad-rallying cries in war for Texas independence
36. Trail of Tears - the relocation and movement of Native Americans, including many members of
the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations among others in the United States, from
their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States
37. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo- a treaty by which Mexico agreed to cede California and New
Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas and in return the
US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the
Mexicans $15 million.
38. Webster Ashburton Treaty - a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States
and the British North American colonies, particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine–
New Brunswick border
39. Wilmot Proviso - one of the major events leading to the Civil War, would have banned slavery in
any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the area
later known as the Mexican Cession, but which some proponents construed to also include the
disputed
40. Winfield Scott- the commanding general of the American army and its finest soldier. He seized
the Mexican capital.
41. Zachary Taylor- led a small army to Texas to protect it against a possible Mexican invasion after
Polk accepted the Texas claim that the Rio Grande was their western and southern border
Essay Question #1
Discuss the impact of territorial expansion on national unity between 1800 and 1850.
From the beginning of its creation, Americans have always had the lust for expansion.
During colonial times, colonists fought Native Americans off their land for more territory.
Purchases, such as the Louisiana Purchase, expanded the country into the Midwest. A term
used by John O’Sullivan, Manifest Destiny, was the belief that the United States was
destined to expand across the continent and conquer all territories. Truly, it would be a
country that went from “sea to shining sea.” After purchases and the Mexican War, Congress
needed to decide the futures of certain states. The hot topic of slavery was on everyone’s
minds, and inevitably was the main subject. Although expansionism helped with national
unity, it also stirred up the debate between free and slave states which created extreme
sectionalism between the North and South.
The promise of new territory was the goal for most Americans. Mexico had control over
the southwest. To increase their economy, they invited Americans to migrant and settle in
their territory. Eventually, Mexican leader Santa Anna turned against the immigrants that did
not become loyal. Texan rebels surfaced and they fought for their independence.
Independence was eventually granted and America saw that Texas was an opportunity they
could not pass up. In between the strife in the southwest, Polk settled with Britain the 49th
Parallel for Oregon, another conquest achieved. All that was left was the California and New
Mexico territories, but Mexico refused to these regions the US. Polk issued soldiers to go
past the Nueces River which the Mexican government recognized as their border. The
government issued an attack on the Americans and the Mexican War had begun. With this,
Congress started debating on whether or not they should stick with the war. Unfortunately,
this caused some unrest within the country, but the fight for territory was still the main focus.
In the end, California was conquered. In 1849, California’s existence was overwhelmingly
convenient. At Sutter’s Mill, gold was discovered and this created the mad gold rush. Fortyniners left their homes, families and jobs in the search for gold. Resulting from this event was
the increase of immigration. California became an extremely diverse and populous state.
Therefore, the newly expanded nation felt triumphant and was proud of their
accomplishments.
However, the United States had many decisions to make over these new territories that
ultimately resulted in sectionalism. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 created a balance
between free states and slave states. For instance, Missouri became a slave state and Maine
was introduced as a free state. Furthermore, slavery north of the 36’30 line was prohibited.
Many anti-slavery congressmen proposed that the new territories would be free states. David
Wilmot, a congressman from Pennsylvania, proposed the Wilmot Proviso. It stated that all
new territories from Mexico would be declared as free. This piece of legislature passed in the
House but not the Senate. Finally, in 1850, Henry Clay proposed a bill that would cover the
bases that both the North and South wanted to see. The Compromise of 1850 consisted of
many factors involving slavery. California would enter the Union as a free state. In the new
territories of New Mexico and Utah, popular sovereignty was issued. Accordingly, the
Fugitive Slave Act was created. This placed the authority of the federal government behind
capturing and returning fugitive slaves. Last, the slave trade was outlawed in the District of
Columbia. Although the North and South typically got what they wanted out of the
compromise, the entire idea of slavery still affected increased the feelings of sectionalism.
Therefore, manifest destiny seemed to be a foolproof expansion plan for the United States
when on paper. However, it truly exploited the weaknesses and controversies that were
simply waiting to boil over for the North and South.
Essay #2
The issue of territorial expansion sparked considerable debate in the period 1800-1855.
Analyze this debate and evaluate the influence of both supporters and opponents of
territorial expansion in shaping federal government policy.
The idea of Manifest destiny emerged in the 1840’s and said that the people of America
were chosen by God to control the North American continent. But as Americans pushed
West in hopes of territorial expansion, they encountered many problems. The North and
South became increasingly belligerent towards each other specifically over the controversies
of slavery. Due the nation annexing new lands, the status of slavery was on everyone’s
minds. The Missouri Compromise which was supposed to settle this debate failed to prevent
the conflict. So a dangerous crisis occurred. Although territorial expansion reflected the
hopeful wishes of God, it only sparked a huge debate over slavery.
Those who opposed Manifest destiny feared it would bring up the controversial issue of
slavery and threaten the Union. Specifically, the North was synonymous for its abolitionist
movement and thus would not compromise until slavery was eliminated. On the other hand,
the South defended the institutions of slavery by saying it was “a positive system for white
southerners who needed a labor force”. However on the positive side of Manifest Destiny,
many saw this expansion as a symbol of nationalism. The proponents agreed with its idea
but there were mixed opinions on if they should use force and how far should the nation
expand. The Democrats favored the use of force to extend the border while the Whigs
favored extension through diplomacy. Henry Clay, a Whig and solid opponents of territorial
expansion, feared like the people of its potential to aggravate the issue of slavery.
The Missouri Compromise had divided up the Louisiana Purchase and said all the
territory north would not permit slavery while those in the south would. Yet this only fueled
more debate when settlers were trying to spread from “sea to shining sea,” thus overstepping
the boundaries of the compromise. So with Americans in Texas, Oregon county, New
Mexico and California, the debate became even more heated. In Texas, after declaring its
independence from Dictator Santa Anna, the debate was to annex it or not. Still everyone
was questioning the issue of slavery. When Calhoun presented the annexation treaty to
congress it was rejected and thus became the issue during the election of 1844. But before
leaving office, John Tyler was able to accomplish one of Polk’s goals: the annexation of
Texas. Additionally there were disputed claims in Oregon. With many countries claiming
their rights to the land, the United States ended up compromising to the 49th parallel in order
to stay clear of a war. But when the government was pushed into a The Mexican War, they
were ultimately victorious.
Therefore, through the constant debate over territorial expansion many aspects of the
government were changed. To avoid war, the United States settled on a series of
compromises throughout the era of Manifest destiny. But also it shaped the issues of the
presidential elections. With the people disagreeing on slavery, it was ultimately up to the
President to decide what to do. With the number of slave states equaling that of the free
states, the admission of new states such as California, New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah would
upset the balance. Thus the controversy continued while Americans were acquiring new
lands. Now it was up to the power holders, specifically the government to decide the fate of
the territories and the issue of slavery.
Multiple Choice
1) Which of the following best describes the attitudes of Southern whites toward slavery during the midnineteenth century (ca. 1835-1865)?
A) Slavery was a necessary evil.
B) Slavery should be immediately abolished
C) Slavery was a benefit to both Whites and Blacks
D) Slavery should gradually be phased out and the freed slaves colonized to some place outside the
united states
E) Slavery was a national sin
2) For farmers and planters in the south, the 1850’s was a period of
A) Low prices for agricultural products
B) Rapid and violent fluctuations in crop prices
C) High crop prices due to repeated crop failures
D) High crop prices and sustained prosperity
E) Desperate poverty culminating in the Panic of 1857
3) The Wilmot Proviso stipulated that
A) Slavery should be prohibited in the lands acquired as a result of the Mexican war
B) No lands should be annexed to the United States as a result of the Mexican War
C) California should be a free state while the rest of the Mexican Cession should be reserved for the
formation of slave states
D) The status of slavery in the Mexican Cession should be decided on the basis of “Popular
Sovereignty”
E) The Missouri Compromise line should be extend through the Mexican Cession to the Pacific,
lands north of it being closed to slavery
4) In coining the phrase “Manifest destiny,” journalist John L. O’Sullivan meant that
A) The struggle for racial equality was the ultimate goal of America’s existence
B) America was certain to become an independent country sooner or later
C) It was the destiny of America to overspread the continent
D) America must eventually become either all slave or all free
E) America should seek to acquire an overseas empire
5) All of the following were causes of the Mexican war EXCEPT
A) American desire for California
B) Mexican failure to pay debts and damages owed to the U.S.
C) U.S. annexation of the formerly Mexican-held republic of Texas
D) Mexican desire to annex Louisiana
E) The disputed southern boundary of Texas
6) The Missouri Compromise provided that Missouri be admitted as a slave state, Maine be admitted as
a free state, and
A) All of the Louisiana territory north of the northern boundary of Missouri be closed to slavery
B) All of the Louisiana territory north of the 36°30’ be closed to slavery
C) The entire Louisiana territory be open to slavery
D) The lands south of the 36°30’ be guaranteed to slavery and the lands north of it negotiable
E) All of the Louisiana territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri be closed to slavery for
30 years
7) The term “trail of tears” refers to
A) The Mormon migration from Nauvoo, Illinois, to what is now Utah
B) The forced migration of the Cherokee tribe from the southern Appalachians to what is now
Oklahoma
C) The westward migration along the Oregon trail
D) The migration into Kentucky along the wilderness road
E) The migration of German settlers southward from Pennsylvania into the Shenandoah valley of
Virginia
8) The slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” had to do with
A) The so-called “Aroostook War.” Involving a boundary dispute between Maine and New
Brunswick
B) The demand for the annexation of all the Oregon country
C) The demand for the readjustment of the boundary with Mexico
D) The demand by free-soil Northerners that some limit be placed on the spread of slavery in
the territories
E) The demand by Southerners that the Missouri Compromise line be extended through the
Mexican Cession
9) All of the following are true statements of the Compromise of 1850 EXCEPT
A) It provided for the admission of California to the Union as a free state
B) It included a tougher fugitive slave law
C) It prohibited slavery in the land acquired as a result of the Mexican War
D) It stipulated that land in dispute between the state of Texas and the territory of new Mexico
should be ceded to New Mexico
E) It ended the slave trade in the district of Columbia
10) The main issue of the 1850’s Free-Soil party was that
A) The federal government should permit no further spread of slavery in the territories
B) A homestead act should be passed, granting 160 acres of government land in the West free to
anyone who would settle on it and improve it for five years
C) The federal government should oversee immediate and uncompensated abolition of slavery
D) Freed slaves should be provided with 40 acres and two mules to provide them the economic
means of independent self-support
E) The United States should annex Cuba
11) The most significant aspect of the Mexican-American War on the United States during the 20 years
following the war was that it
A) Led to the development of the idea of “passive resistance” among those who opposed the war
B) Ended years of hostility between the United States and Mexico
C) Reignited the slavery conflict in regard to all the territories newly acquired from Mexico
D) Gave America undisputed control lover Mexican foreign policy for the new 20 years
E) Revealed the shocking ineptitude of American military forces, leading to massive reforms in
military training and procedures throughout the 1850’s
12) The prominent issue in national politics in the 1840s was?
A) the abolition of slavery.
B) the temperance movement.
C) the creation of a new national bank.
D) the westward expansion of U. S. territory.
E) women's rights
13) The compromise of 1850 had the effect of
A) Providing a compromise that offered only limited expansion of slavery into territories west of the
Mississippi, satisfying both proslavery Southerners and abolitionist Northerners, and resolving
the issue of slavery west of the Mississippi
B) Postponing and evading, rather than resolving, the problems related to slavery in America
territories west of the Mississippi
C) Ending Southern demands for the expansion of slavery into American territories west of the
Mississippi
D) Ending Northern demands for the prohibition of slavery in American territories west of the
Mississippi
E) Providing a compromise that allowed all American territories west of the Mississippi to decide
the slavery issue for themselves
14) The Mexican War of 1846 was fought primarily to
A) Avenge the slaughter of 186 Texans at the Alamo by Santa Anna’s Mexican forces
B) Drive the Spanish from Mexico and establish Mexican freedom once and for all
C) Stop raids by Mexican “bandits” into U.S. territory in Texas and Arkansas
D) Acquire California, New Mexico, and disputed territory along Texas’s southern and western
borders from Mexico
E) Depose the Mexican dictator Santa Anna and replace his regime with a democratically
elected government friendly to the United States
15) The Webster-Ashburton treaty of 1842
A) Forced the United States to give up the Mesabi iron range
B) Was concerned in part with joint Anglo-American efforts to suppress the African slave trade
C) Settled the dispute over the Oregon boundary
D) Was not ratified by the Senate
E) Led to Daniel Webster’s resignation as secretary of state
Answer Key
1. C – Since the colonial times, slavery took a prominent role in the lives of American citizens.
Whites believed that slavery benefited them because they were able to have someone wait on
them, and grow their crops. Essentially, slavery helped their businesses. They also believed that it
helped the blacks because they thought they gave them a good life. A good life compared to
maybe living in Africa or being freed without a job or home.
2. D – The South became an agricultural empire during the 1850s. Everything was grown and
produced there. Accordingly, since demand was high, crop prices were also high. People kept
buying all of the goods.
3. A – The Wilmot Proviso was created to help with the slavery issue after the Mexican War. The
new acquired territories would be free along with a $2 million for making peace.
4. C – John O’Sullivan used Manifest Destiny for the first time. He meant it that it was America’s
destiny from God to spread their white culture to the rest of continent and to conquer all.
5. D – Mexico had no desire to annex Louisiana considering it was purchased by the United States
from the French.
6. B – The Missouri Compromise consisted of three pieces: Missouri is to be admitted as a slave
state, Maine is a free state, and anything above the 36°30’ line would be free.
7. B – Specifically during Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans were extremely discriminated
against. He frowned upon their existence and had them removed from their homes to be located
to Oklahoma. This migration was called the Trail of Tears.
8. B – The British had the territory of Oregon that the United States wanted. The public started
using the phrase, “Fifty-four forty or fight!” In reality, the government didn’t want to start a war
with Britain, so Polk settled for a lower area.
9. C – The Compromise of 1850 consisted of California entering as a free state, and New Mexico
and Utah were determined by popular sovereignty. Texas was paid for damages, the Fugitive
Slave Act was issued, along with the slave trade being outlawed in DC.
10. A – Clearly, in the political parties’ name “Free-Soil,” they believed that all citizens of the United
States deserved to be free. Thus, they wanted to stop the spread of slavery.
11. C – The United States was in a pretty good unity prior to the Mexican War. After the war and the
acquired new territories, the topic of slavery became hot. There was a balance of free and slave
states, thus new territories would disrupt that balance. Hence, the war created sectionalism
between the North and South.
12. C – Jackson was against the creation of a National Bank. He felt that the bank only supported
wealthy elites rather than the common man, which is who he represented. He did not approve the
bank’s renewed charter, especially since its leader, Nicholas Biddle, was corrupt.
13. B – The Compromise of 1850 created an imbalance between the slave and free states. Because of
this, it did nothing but create more tension and sectionalism than ever before.
14. D – When manifest destiny was the main goal for the United States, California and New Mexico
were major territories that the country wanted. A situation took place when the Mexican army
attacked Americans. This caused the Mexican War, which is ultimately what Polk wanted.
15. B – The Webster-Ashburton treaty focused on the territory regarding the Maine-New Brunswick
border. It was mostly centered around the slave trade that was taking place.
*borrowed from REA: AP US History