Download Individual Warm-up

Individual Warm-up
Match the Perspective with the Key Idea
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• feelings and desires are most
important.
Psychodynamic
• it's about survival and
Behavioral
adaptation.
Cognitive
• thinking in groups.
Humanistic
Biomedical
• measurable behavior is most
Evolutionary
important.
Socio-cultural
• thinking and intelligence are
Social Cognitive
most important.
• unconscious is most important
• brain and nerves, medication.
• it's all about society.
Hypnotic Ability and Susceptibility
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An induced state of awareness, characterized
by heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation,
and highly focused attention.
1. Openness to suggestion is key.
2. 20% of people are highly hypnotizable; 10%
difficult/impossible
3. Correlates to rich fantasy life, imagination,
ability to focus attention and ignore distraction
4. Expectancy plays a role
C. Hypnotic Ability and Susceptibility
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Inaccurate memories are common
can sometimes boost recall
False recollections can occur
Memories are often constructed
Normal rules of memory formation, storage,
and retrieval apply
H. Uses of Hypnosis
1. control undesired symptoms and behaviors
2. Used for pain control
3. treatment of headaches, asthma, warts,
stress-related skin disorders, self-control
problems such as smoking, weight control,
and nail biting
Check Your Understanding
• Hypnotic suggestibility
refers to one's:
• a.) ability to be
hypnotized.
• b.) intelligence.
• c.) ability to be misled
while under hypnosis.
• d.) All of the above.
• Who tends to have a high
degree of hypnotic
suggestibility?
• a.) people with vivid
imaginations
• b.) people who easily
daydream
• c.) about 20% of the
population
• d.) all of the above
Common Hypnosis Techniques
• Age Regression – go back to a certain age and
describing it when under hypnosis.
– Research shows the speech patterns are still adult.
• Post-hypnotic suggestion – a command to carryout after the hypnosis is over.
– Ex. Quit smoking
• Posthypnotic Amnesia – Hypnotist directs you
not to remember something experienced while
under hypnosis.
Check Your Understanding
• Posthypnotic
Amnesia
• Age Regression
• Posthypnotic
Suggestion
• “After we are finished,
you won’t remember
this.”
• “Let’s go back to
when you were 10
years old.”
• When you feel the
nausea, it’ll be
warmth instead.”
Theories About Hypnosis
• Dissociation Theory
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Under hypnosis, our consciousness is divided.
One part of the mind is open to hypnotic suggestion.
The other part still retains an awareness of reality.
Hand in freezing water
• Subject said she felt nothing
• Subject still raised finger to indicate pain.
– “Hidden Observer” – one part of the mind is aware of
the pain, but the other part felt nothing.
• State Theory
– Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness
where the subject is unaware of his
environment, and so agrees with what a
hypnotist suggests.
• Role Theory
– People under hypnosis are playing a role.
– They get so committed to their role that they
do whatever the hypnotist suggests.
Check Your Understanding
• Dissociation Theory
• State Theory
• Role Theory
• Hypnosis as an
altered state of
consciousness
• Hypnosis as divided
consciousness
• Hypnosis as
conforming to
expectations
Why should meditation promote feelings of well-being
and relaxation?
• Researchers have reported that the
physiological effects of meditation are related
to lowered activity of the sympathetic nervous
system, the branch of the autonomic nervous
system that functions as the arousal center
during emergency or stressful situations.
• The most common bodily change reported is
hypometabolism, which is characterized by
decreases in the body's metabolic rate as
reflected by lowered oxygen consumption, in
heart and respiration rates, and in carbon
dioxide production.
Psychoactive Drugs
• Just how large a problem is substance abuse in the U.S.? Consider the
following statistics. In 2002:
– An estimated 54 million Americans reported binge drinking at least
once in the past month, and nearly 16 million reported drinking
heavily nearly every day.
– An estimated 19.5 million Americans reported being current illicit drug
users. Marijuana was the most commonly used illicit drug, followed by
nonprescription use of prescription medication.
– An estimated 2 million persons were current cocaine users, and
567,000 of these used crack. About 1.2 million persons reported
using hallucinogens, including 676,000 who used Ecstasy. There
were an estimated 166,000 heroin users.
• (From information gathered by the Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration.)
• Though many substance abusers may say they want to stop, the effects
of psychoactive substances such as alcohol and illicit drugs can be very
powerful. In this lesson, you'll learn about different classes of drugs and
how they influence the body. You'll also learn about factors such as
tolerance and phenomena such as withdrawal that can make it difficult to
stop using these substances.
Drugs and Altered Consciousness
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by altering the interaction between
neurotransmitters and receptors
– Agonists bind to the receptors and mimic
effects of normal neurotransmitters
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Change the level of neurotransmitters in the
brain.
– Antagonists bind to the receptors and
prevent (slow down) the normal
neurotransmitters from binding
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Change the level of neurotransmitters in the
brain.
Physical Dependence or Addiction
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This is a physiological state in which
drug use is necessary to prevent a
withdrawal symptom
Withdrawal is painful and long – that is
why there is such a high rate of relapse
for drug users.
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Tolerance
– This is a condition in which increasingly
large drug doses are necessary to achieve
the same effect
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Psychological Dependence
– This is a condition in which the person
continues drug use despite adverse effects,
needs the drug for a sense of well being,
and is preoccupied with obtaining the drug if
it is no longer available
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Learned Expectations Contribute to the
Effects of Many Drugs
– The power of suggestion and experience
Categories of drugs
• Depressants – Slow down your Central Nervous System by inhibiting
GABA
– Slow down your reaction time and interfere with judgment.
– Alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers (valium)
• Stimulants – arouse the Sympathetic NS by increasing norepinephrine
– Make an individual feel more confident or energetic. Sense of euphoria.
– Nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine
• Opiates – Powerful pain killers
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Most addictive
Work by mimicking endorphins in the brain.
Euphoria or loss of pain.
Heroin, morphine, and codeine
• Psychedelics (or hallucinogenics) – Loss of reality, serotonin agonist
• Know psychological v. physical dependence
Check your Understanding
• Which of the following
is not an example of a
depressant?
• A. Alcohol
• B. Barbiturates
• C.Tranquilizers
• D. Cocaine
• Drugs that speed up
your nervous system
and can cause heart
failure are called:
• A. Stimulants
• B. Depressants
• C. Opiates
• D. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens
• Psychedelic drugs that change your
perception of reality.
– Some (LSD) are produced in a lab
– Others (peyote, mushrooms, marijuana) are
natural substances.
– Traces of these drugs stay in the body for
weeks after they are taken
– Reverses tolerance – because traces stay in
your blood – you need less to get the same
effect.
Amphetamines and
Methamphetamines
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Potent stimulants that are highly
addictive and produce feelings of
exhilaration and power are
amphetamines (A stimulant to the
central nervous system that
increases energy and decreases
appetite; used to treat narcolepsy
and some forms of depression.) sometimes referred to as "speed"
or "uppers".
They're also associated with
violent behavior, which can arise
from the feelings of invulnerability
the drug produces and from the
depression that occurs when the
drug wears off.
Commercially produced
amphetamines include Benzedrine
and Dexedrine.
• There are synthetic and extremely addictive
amphetamines called methamphetamines:
– A highly psychologically addictive, illicit, synthetic
stimulant drug which induces feelings of euphoria. In
pure form, it is a colorless crystalline solid, sold on the
streets as glass, ice, or crystal. As less pure form, it's
sold as crystalline powder referred to as crank or
speed, or in rock formation as tweak, dope, or raw.
• sometimes referred to as "crank" or "ice"). They
are often produced illegally in a dangerous
process involving highly toxic chemicals.
• Dopamine plays an important role in the
regulation of pleasure. Dopamine is
manufactured is in the nerve cells within the
ventral tegmental area. It's released in the
nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex.
Barbiturates
• Barbiturates are powerful
depressants that are
classified as sedatives or
hypnotics.
• These highly addictive
drugs are legal when
prescribed by physicians,
but can be very
dangerous when abused
or mixed with other drugs.
• Types of barbiturates
include amobarbital and
phenobarbital.
Ecstasy or MDMA
• MDMA has both stimulant
(amphetamine-like) and
hallucinogenic (LSD-like)
properties. It also
produces spasms in the
jaw muscles and a sense
of "oneness" with others.
• Though the drug isn't
addictive, it is neurotoxic,
and in high enough doses
it destroys serotonincontaining neurons in the
brain. It also elevates body
temperature, which can
cause damage to muscles,
the heart and blood
vessels, and kidneys.
Check Your Understanding
• Amphetamines
• Barbiturates
• MDMA
• Produces spasms in the jaw
muscles
• Sometimes referred to as
“crank” or “ice”
• Nervous system depressants
• Powerful depressants
• Destroys serotonin-containing
neurons in the brain.
• Types include Benzadrine and
Dexadrin
• Has both stimulate &
hallucinogenic properties.
• Associated with violent behavior
• Types include amobarbital, and
phenobarbital
Physical and Psychological
Addiction
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the
American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV)
makes a distinction between substance abuse
and substance dependence. The concepts of
tolerance and withdrawal are crucial to making
these distinctions.
• Tolerance is defined as the need for larger
amounts of the substance to achieve the desired
effect. For example, if you previously needed a
cup of coffee to get going in the morning, but
now you need two or three, then you have
become more tolerant to the effects of caffeine.
• Withdrawal refers to the physical (and sometimes
psychological) effects experienced after discontinuing a
drug after a period of use. Many substances have
characteristic withdrawal symptoms, and some of them
can be quite dangerous. Withdrawal from severe alcohol
abuse, for example, can involve fever, agitation, nausea,
vomiting, delirium, seizures, and even death. For this
reason, experts strongly recommend that, in cases of
severe substance abuse, detoxification take place under
medical supervision.
• Withdrawal symptoms can be psychological as well as
physical, and psychological withdrawal symptoms are no
less difficult to handle. Many substances aren't
necessarily physically addictive, but they exert a
powerful psychological hold on the user, making
withdrawal a very uncomfortable experience.