Download PHARMACOLOGY

PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
• THE STUDY OF DRUG ACTIONS ON
AND INTERACTIONS WITH LIVING
ORGANISMS.
PHARMACOKINETICS
• THE INTERACTIONS OF DRUGS
WITH BODY TISSUES
SYSTEMIC
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUG
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ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION
BIOTRANSFORMATION
EXCRETION
ABSORPTION
• IN ORDER FOR THE DRUG TO
PRODUCE DESIRED EFFECTS ON THE
BODY, IT MUST REACH THE
INTENDED SITE OF ACTION!!!!
DRUG ABSORBED AND CIRCULATIONG IN
THE BLOODSTREAM IS CALLED
BIOAVAILABLE
DISTRIBUTION
• FOLLOWING ABSORPTION DRUGS
ARE DISTRIBUTED VIA
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
BIOTRANSFORMATION
• MOST DRUGS ARE METABOLIZED IN
THE LIVER AND EITHER REDUCED
OR CHANGED INTO A WATERSOLUABLE SUBSTANCE SO THEY
CAN BE EXCRETED BY KIDNEYS
EXCRETION
• MOST DRUGS ARE EXCRETED BY
KIDNEYS.
OTHER EXCRETION ROUTES:
PERSPIRATION, TEARS, FECES,
BREAST MILK, SALIVA
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
DRUG ADMINISTRATION
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AGE
GENDER
HORMONAL DIFFERENCES
EMOTIONAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL
STATE
• TIME OF DAY
• THE CHANNEL OR ROUTE OF
ADMINISTRATION
DRUG ADMINISTRATION
ROUTES
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ORAL
TOPICAL
PARENTERAL
SUBLINGUAL
INTRATHECAL
RECTAL
TRANSDERMAL
INHALATION
ORAL DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
TOPICAL DRUGS
Advantages
• Base (cream, ointment, gel, spray) makes
application easy and controllable.
• Onset of symptom relief is usually faster than
oral preparations.
• Symptoms are relieved at a steady rate and
relief may last longer.
• A smaller amount of medicine may be needed
when applied in a topical form.
• Formulations diffuse through the skin and
enter the bloodstream, initially bypassing the
digestive system (called 'first pass'). Many
systemic (whole body) side effects, such as
irritated stomach lining, may be lessened or
eliminated
PARENTERAL DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
• SUBCUTANEOUS
• INTRAMUSCULAR
• INTRAVENOUS
SUBCUTANEOUS
For the subcutaneous route, a needle is inserted into fatty tissue
just beneath the skin. The drug is injected, then moves into
small blood vessels (capillaries) and is carried away by the
bloodstream or reaches the bloodstream through the lymphatic
vessels.
INTRAMUSCULAR
The intramuscular route is
preferred to the subcutaneous
route when larger volumes of a
drug product are needed. Because
the muscles lie below the skin and
fatty tissues, a longer needle is
used. Drugs are usually injected
into muscle in the upper arm,
thigh, or buttock. How quickly the
drug is absorbed into the
bloodstream depends, in part, on
the blood supply to the muscle:
The sparser the blood supply, the
longer the drug takes to be
absorbed. The blood supply is
increased during physical activity
INTRAVENOUS
Intravenous injecting is a
highly efficient way of
introducing drugs into the
body.
However, when drugs are
injected, the filtering and
delaying mechanisms that
protect us when things are
absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract, lungs or skin
are bypassed. The potential
for infection and overdose are
much increased
SUBLINGUAL
Sublingual Route A few drugs are
placed under the tongue (taken
sublingually) so that they can be
absorbed directly into the small blood
vessels that lie beneath the tongue.
The sublingual route is especially
good for ANGINA—which is used to
relieve angina (chest pain due to an
inadequate blood supply to the heart
muscle)—because absorption is rapid
and the drug immediately enters the
bloodstream without first passing
through the intestinal wall and liver.
However, most drugs cannot be taken
this way because they may be
absorbed incompletely or erratically
INTRATHECAL
For the intrathecal route, a
needle is inserted between two
vertebrae in the lower spine
and into the space around the
spinal cord. The drug is then
injected into the spinal canal.
A small amount of local
anesthetic is often used to
numb the injection site. This
route is used when a drug is
needed to produce rapid or
local effects on the brain,
spinal cord, or the layers of
tissue covering them
(meninges)—for example, to
treat infections of these
structures. Anesthetics are
sometimes given this way.
RECTAL
Rectal Route Many drugs that are
administered orally can also be
administered rectally as a
suppository. In this form, a drug is
mixed with a waxy substance that
dissolves or liquefies after it is
inserted into the rectum. Because
the rectum's wall is thin and its
blood supply rich, the drug is
readily absorbed. A suppository is
prescribed for people who cannot
take a drug orally because they
have nausea, cannot swallow, or
have restrictions on eating, as is
required after many surgical
operations. Drugs that are
irritating in suppository form may
have to be given by injection
TRANSDERMAL
Drugs can be
administered
transdermally by a
patch applied to the
skin. The drug
penetrates the skin
and is absorbed into
the bloodstream.
INHALATION
Drugs can be administered using inhalers, which
deliver the drugs directly to the airways
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF
DRUGS
• AN UNINTENDED EFFECT THAT IS
EXPECTED TO OCCUR IS CALLED:
• SIDE EFFECT
• ANY EFFECT THAT IS NOT BENIGN IS
CALLED AN ADVERSE REACTION
DRUGS INCOMPATIBILITY
• WHEN MIXED SOME DRUGS CAN
BECOME EITHER TOXIC OR
INACTIVE!!!!!
RT HAS AN OBLIGATION:
• TO KNOW THE LOCATION OF THE
EMERGENCY CART.
• TO SUMMON EMERGENCY HELP IN
TIMELY MANNER
• TO MAINTAIN COMPLETENESS OF
THE EQUIPMENT ON THE
EMERGENCY CART
EMERGENCY CART
DRUG NAMES
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TRADE NAME
CHEMICAL NAME
GENERIC NAME
OFFICIAL NAME
TRADE NAME
• NAME ASSIGNED BY THE
MANUFACTURER
CHEMICAL NAME
• EXACT CHEMICAL FORMULA
GENERIC NAME
• GIVEN BEFORE THE OFFICIAL
APPROVAL FOR USE
OFFICIAL NAME
• GENERIC AND OFFICIAL NAMES ARE
USUALLY THE SAME
• USED IN THE OFFICIAL
PUBLICATIONS
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
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ANT-INFECTIVE
ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANALGESICS
ANTIPYRETICS
TO TREAT CARDIO-VASCULAR DISEASE
TO TREAT GI
TO TREAT ALLERGIC RESPONSES
ANTI-INFECTIVE
• ANTIBIOTICS- (PENICILLIN,
ERYTHROMYCIN)
ACTING ON THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• CHLORAL HYDRATE – SEDATIVEORAL, RECTAL
• MORPHINE SULFATE – CONTROL OF
SEVERE PAIN- ORAL, PARENTERAL
• LIDOCAINE – ANESTHETIC- PAIN
BLOCKER – TOPICAL, PARENTERAL
ANALGESICS,
ANTIPYRETICS,
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
• ASPIRIN
• ACETOMINOPHEN
• IBUPROFEN
ORAL
TO TREAT CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
• LASIX- ( DIURETIC ACTION)- IV,
ORAL
• HEPARIN - IV AND COUMARIN(ANTICOAGULANTS) ORAL
• NITROGLYCERIN – (VASODILATOR)
ANGINA PECTORIS – SUBLINGUAL,
TOPICAL
TO TREAT GI
• SODIUM BICARBONATE pH
ORAL
• CASTOR OIL- CATHARTIC- ORAL
• MILK OF MAGNESIA- CATHARTICORAL
TREATMENT OF ALLERGIC
RESPONSES
• EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALIN)BRONCHODILATORVASOCONSTRICTOR-PARENTERAL ,
INHALATION
• BENADRYL – ORAL , PARENTERAL