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› What is Pharmacology? › The science of pharmacology involves the _________________________________________. The ______________________ is to diagnose, treat, cure, or lessen the symptoms of disease. The ___________________________ applies properties and knowledge of drugs, mechanism of drug action, anatomy and physiology, and pathology, › › › Key Areas and Terms in Pharmacology › › › › › › › › _______________________ – study of the action of drugs on living tissue Pharmacokinetics – Pharmacotherapeutics – _________________ – science of preparing and dispensing medication Posology – study of the amount of drug required to produce therapeutic effects ______________ – study of the harmful effects of drugs on living tissue What is a drug? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ › › Drug Nomenclature All drugs are identified by a ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ The official name of the drug is the _________________. Usually a contraction of the chemical name. The chemical name describes the __________________________________ The proprietary (brand/trade) name is assigned by the ________________ › › › › › › › › › › Comparison Between Brand Name Drugs and Generic Drugs The inventor of a new drug may apply for patent protection. If awarded, the manufacturer is given up to ________________________to manufacture and distribute the new drug. Once the drug is off the patent, other drug companies may manufacture a _____________________________. Generic drugs contain the same active ingredients as the original manufacturer’s drug, in the same strength. However, generic drugs may contain ___________________________, which may affect how much of the drug is available to the body. Drug Safety _____________________ has established guidelines that govern the approval of drugs. Before approval, each drug must fulfill two requirements: – __________ – proof of its effectiveness – › › › › › – › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › __________ – Specific criteria as determined by extensive animal testing and controlled human testing Routes of Administration Appropriate administration route depends on: Oral (PO) Most convenient and most ___________________________ Advantages:. – Examples: _____________________________ – Infants can be given drugs in liquid form Unconscious patients can receive meds with NG tube Disadvantages: – Some cannot be given orally as they become inactivated by stomach acid – Some can combine chemically with certain foods or beverages to produce adverse side effects (tetracycline and dairy) Parenternal _______________________________________________ Intradermal Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous Sublingual Rectal Vaginal Topical Transdermal Inhalation Subcutaneous _____________________________________________________________ – Slower absorption of the drug because of fewer blood vessels in the layer (Insulin, Heparin, Allergy shots) – Common abbreviations (s.q., SQ, subQ, S.C.) Intramuscular Injection of liquid into the belly of a large muscle More rapid absorption than subcutaneous Only 5 injection sites that allow for administration with lowest risk of damage to adjacent nerves and vessels › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › › Intravenous Injection of drug directly into the vein Effect can be seen ____________________ Drug does not need to be absorbed Examples: – Valium for control of continual seizures – Chemotherapy drugs for cancer treatment – Pentothal for induction of general anesthesia Sublingual Drug, usually in tablet form, is placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve slowly ____________________________ Faster therapeutic effect than the oral route Example: – __________________________________ Rectal Reserved for certain clinical situations, such as a vomiting patient and medication not available in injectable form Preferred route when drugs are administered to relieve constipation or hemorrhoids Absorption is slow and often unpredictable in effectiveness Topical Applied directly to the skin or the mucous membranes of the eye, ear, nose, or mouth Effect usually local, not systemic Examples: Transdermal Applied to the skin via physical delivery through a porous membrane Effects felt _____________________ Release of drug over time, providing sustained therapeutic blood levels Example: – Nitroglycerin transdermal patch Inhalation ________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Example: – Albuterol for Asthma (Bronchodialator)
