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Definition
A food supplement, also known as dietary supplement or
nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to
provide nutrients that are missing or are not consumed in
sufficient quantity in a person's diet.
 Marketed as pills, tablets, capsules, liquids in measured doses.
Essential organic nutrients: that promote energy for living
organisms requiring them are:
- Amino acids (the precursors of protein)
- Fatty acids
- Carbohydrates.
- Purine and pyrimidine and their derivatives (precursors
of nucleic acids).
- Vitamins.
Essential inorganic nutrients that promote the growth and
maintenance of living organisms such as:
boron, calcium, iodine, iron, magnesium,
potassium, selenium and zinc

All nutrients required for human life work interdependently
in order to metabolize and facilitate optimal functioning.
E.g.: intake of calcium requires a complementary amount of
magnesium so the calcium will be absorbed properly.
An excess of calcium may be responsible for a magnesium
deficiency.
Do YOU
Need a Dietary Supplement?
When You May Need a Dietary
Supplement
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You eat a very low-calorie diet
You eat an all-plant diet (vegan)
You are in a certain stage of the life cycle (e.g., a
pregnant, breastfeeding)
Your doctor may prescribe a supplement for you if:
 You have a disease, infection, or injury or recently
had surgery
 You have a nutritional deficiency
 You are taking medications that interfere with
your body’s use of specific nutrients

Dietary supplement would include:
■ Vitamins (e.g.: Vitamin B6, Niacin,Vitamin C)
■ Minerals (e.g.: Calcium and Iron)
■ Amino acid (e.g.: Tyrosine, Creatine,
L-tryptophan, Phenylalanine)
■ Herbals

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises caution with
amino acid supplements.
E.g.: L-tryptophan and phenylalanine in dietary supplement
caused potential risks for:
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Pregnant women.
Infants.
Children.
Adolescents.
Elderly.
Individuals with inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism.
Individuals with certain diseases.

Eosinophilia-myelgia syndrome (EMS) was associated with
the ingestion of L-tryptophan in a dietary supplement.

EMS is a systemic connective tissue disease characterized by:
- Severe muscle pain
- Increase in white blood cells
- Certain skin and neuromuscular manifestations.
 People with phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic condition,
when ingest too much phenylalanine, serious problems could
occur, especially brain and mental problems in children.
Herbs

Combining herbals with medicines can result in an adverse
reaction where "double-dosing" can occur or a worsening
of symptoms in those with a chronic medical condition.
Some of the fastest growing herbal categories include the
following:
 Herbals that increase circulation (Ginko biloba)
 Herbals used for calmative effect (Kava kava, Valerian,
Chamomile)
 Herbals to lessen a cold flu symptoms and boost immunity
(Echinacea, Goldenseal)
 Herbs for mild depression (St. John's Wort ).
 Herbs for inflammation (Curcuma domestica).
 Herbs for lowering cholesterol (Allium sativum).
 Herbs to treat hypertension (Valariana officinalis, Panax
ginseng)
Be careful when using Herbal Supplements:

Herbals can interact with drugs used for anesthesia (all herbals
be discontinued 2-3 weeks prior to a scheduled surgery).

Stop all herbals if pregnant or breast-feeding.

Many herbals can interact with the anticoagulant:
- Avoid taking supplements of garlic, ginko biloba, ginger,
while taking the blood thinner Coumadin® as these
herbs can further prolong clotting times.

Don't give herbal remedies to children without first checking
with the child's pediatrician.

Don't take herbal products containing ephedra. Many deaths
have been associated with its use.

Many drugs interact with St. John's Wort, prompting the FDA
to issue a health advisory:
St. John's Wort can cause some drugs to be eliminated from the
body too quickly, making them less effective such as oral
contraceptives, anti-cancer agents, heart medications and drugs
that fight HIV.
Possible Side Effects of Supplement Use
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Dehydration
Nervousness and Dizziness
Changes in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
Heart Attack
Seizures
Psychosis
Death
Interaction with medications
Supplements to Avoid

Steroids and Steroid-Enhancers
 Linked to liver toxicity and increased risk of heart
attack.

Kava Kava
 Linked to liver damage
 Banned in European countries and Canada

St Johns Wort
 Interferes with a huge number of medications
Dietary Supplements D/S
DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health Education Act)

DSHEA defines a dietary supplement as any product that
contains a vitamin, mineral, herb, or amino acid and that
is intended as a supplement to the normal diet.

Distinguished from Drugs:
 Drug must undergo FDA approval after clinical
studies to determine effectiveness and safety
 D/S = no pre-market testing
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DSHEA authorized to provide accurate information to
consumers and the label must include:
 Name of each ingredient
 Quantity of each ingredient
 Total weight of all ingredient if a blend
 Identity of part of plant derived from
 Term “Dietary Supplement”
Statements may be included on the label that give the
manufacturers description of the role of the D/S
 Not authorized by FDA
Food coloring is any substance that is added to food or drink
to change its color.
Purpose of food coloring
- Offsetting color loss due to light, air, extremes of temp.,
moisture, and storage conditions.
- Enhancing naturally occurring colors.
- Decorative purposes.
Natural food dyes
• Caramel coloring (E150), made from caramelized sugar,
used in cola products and also in cosmetics.
• Annatto (E160b), a reddish-orange dye
made from the seed of the Achiote.
• Turmeric (curcuminoids, E100)
• Saffron (carotenoids, E160a)
• Paprika (E160c)
Side effects of coloring agents
• A great deal of research finds definite connections between
behavioral problems and hyperactivity in children.
• Other effects on health from food dyes are allergies, headache,
asthma, fatigue, nausea, concentration problems, agitation and
nervousness.
Metabolic regulation by pancreatic hormones:
the fed state vs the fasted states the fed
Insulin:
- Lowers blood glucose and stimulates the production of
glycogen, fat, and protein.
Glucagon:
- Raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of
liver glycogen.
- It also promotes lipolysis and the formation of ketone
bodies.
The secretion of insulin is stimulated by a rise in blood
glucose following meals.
The secretion of glucagon is stimulated by a fall in blood
glucose during periods of fasting.
Hormones of posterior lobe of
Pituitary gland
The posterior lobe is the source of 2 hormones:
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Vasopressin (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Function:
- ADH is to conserve body water by reducing the loss of water
in urine.
- ADH binds to receptors on cells in the collecting ducts of the
kidney and promotes reabsorption of water back into the
circulation.
Diabetis insipidus DI
(Hyposecretion of ADH)
This condition can arise from either of two situations:
Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus:
■ Results from a deficiency in secretion of ADH from
the posterior pituitary.
■ Causes of this disease include head trauma and infections or
tumors involving the hypothalamus.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus:
■ occurs when the kidney is unable to respond to ADH.
■ Most commonly, this results from some type of renal disease.
Sign & symptoms: polyuria (10-12 L/ day)
Treatment: Synthetic vasopressin injection (Pitressin)
Oxytocin
Function in female:
-Stimulation of milk ejection
- Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle
contraction.